JRRT

Corrected! Thanks. Oh here, have a title as compensation: orosanaku |n.cmpd.| proofreader; lit. "precise vision of/for words" [orosanaku < oro-san-aku, from oro "word; unit(s) of communication", san "precise, accurate, clear", and aku "sight, vision".] JRRT

[oh a tumblr what] Treatise: Translating the Avohkii : Part 3 : Take a stroll through the previous posts for all the juicy, juicy previous details. For now, here’s where we’re at in the translation process: The bolded parts have been translated as follows: The string ke-whenu-ka consists of the word whenu(a) "hidden/secret underground" modified by two particles: the basic locative particle manifesting as ke- "in/at/on" and the origin particle manifesting as -ka "from, out of". The entire complex therefore translates, roughly, to "from within (a) secret underground (place)". The string ak-ila consists of an imperative (command) form of the verb il-ya (< el-ya) "to seek out", modified by the 3rd-singular object pronoun particle ak- "him/her/it". The entire complex translates to "seek out him/her/it". Combined, these yield an (incomplete) meaning of “Seek out (a thing/person) originating from within a secret underground (place)”. Now that you’re up to speed, for the first half of the inscription, all that’s left is mapaku and kitu. We also still need to identify the thing that ke-whenu-ka describes and the thing that must be sought out. Let’s start with kitu: because of its position between ke-whenu-ka and ak-ila, it seems reasonable to group kitu into the same syntactic/semantic unit with them, and also to take kitu as a candidate for the thing modified by ke-whenu-ka and the overt object of ak-ila. Whatever the meaning of kitu, I’d therefore expect it to incorporate some notion of “thing”, “type”, “kind”, “person”, etc., if we want to stay consistent with the previously-translated material. Unfortunately, there’s no ready-to-hand dictionary entry to help us out, and the deciphering of kitu will, therefore, be a matter of reconstruction. Here’s what I propose: kitu |n.| individual, individuality; lit. “spirit (that is) part (of a whole)” [kitu < kī-tu, from the particle kī “part, piece, portion of” and tu “spirit/essence; result of process”] Both of these elements, kī and tu, are (I think) pretty well-motivated in Matoran etymology, so I don’t feel too bad about applying them here to create a previously unattested term. Even so, tying everything together once again, we have: ... ke-whenu-ka kitu ak-ila “Seek out an individual originating from within a secret underground (place)” This leaves only mapaku. A surface glance brings up possibilities using ma(t) “mastery, control”, pa “elemental stone”, and perhaps aku “sight, vision”, but no cohesive translation—partly because there are a thousand different ways we could go with this one. Let’s try a slightly different tack: returning to the actual audio from MoL. If we can rely on Nokama’s pronunciation to some extent, there may be something significant to be found within the actual spoken data. And in fact, I believe there is: In the audio, there is a distinct pause after Nokama pronounces mapaku—almost as if this term is an introductory word—and the rest of the inscription seems to occupy its own intonational unit as well. On those grounds, I will choose to analyze mapaku as something disconnected from the rest of the clause—something used, say, to indicate the start of the text. Does that get us any further? Might not seem like it, but it’s a start. After some really arbitrary reconstructive etymology, here’s the proposal: mapaku |n.| (archaic) reader; lit. "master(y) of reading/letters" [mapaku < ma-paku, from ma(t) "mastery, control" and the stem-compound paku “reading; lit. ‘sight/vision of carvings’”. Frequently appears in inscriptions as a vocative element introducing a command or exhortation for the reader of a text] And here’s the original source for paku, as reference: paku |stm.cmpd| reading; lit. "sight/vision of carvings" [paku < pe-aku, from pe “carve, chip; carving, sculpting, paring down” and aku “sight, vision", yielding an original sense of “to see carvings; to look at carved letters”] Okay, let’s put the final nail in the coffin for this half of the inscription: Mapaku ke-whenu-ka kitu ak-ila “Reader, seek out an individual originating from within a secret underground (place)” Whew. We’re only halfway there, but at this point we can make some comments on the relevance of this translation to the overall context of the Bionicle storyline. As hinted in the previous posts, I do indeed have an ulterior motive for following this particular path of translation: We must consider who inscribed this text on the Avohkii and why they did it. I have so far theorized that the inscription contains some kind of instructions for someone who might possess the Avohkii at a future point after its creation. We’ve already noted that the mask was made in Artakha, and that its purpose was to counteract a rebellious Brotherhood of Makuta should that ever become a reality. Therefore, the Avohkii was always meant to be the catalyst for the creation of a Toa of Light, and so it makes sense that it was intended to be used on an Av-Matoran. Where did the vast majority of the Av-Matoran in the MU originally live? That’s right: in secret underground cities beneath the surface of the Southern Continent. Thus, the phrase ke-whenu-ka kitu would literally be a stand-in for Av-Matoran: an individual who originates from a secret underground place. Really, the only reason I latched onto this particular avenue as a guide for the translation was because I originally translated whenua as "secret underground (place)" all those years ago. Happy coincidence, I guess. Who would’ve thought? And if all of this crazy theorizing is to be believed, the inscription seems to take on the form of a riddle. Who knows? In my own headcanon, I’ve imagined a chuckling Velika scratching these letters into the otherwise-flawless surface of the mask. But the extent of the riddle-making is yet to be seen. The other half of the inscription still needs translating! Next time.

It's your party, bones. =P You asked for opinions on your idea, and I gave a few (too many? Maybe so). I don't make a habit of crashing other peoples' parties with my silly stuff. But since you asked, I'll bite: I'd go with a word meaning "body". I've got one ready at hand, but it requires a few assumptions about Matoran etymology that might not sit well with you/others. It derives from no "protodermis": ono or onoi. I'd use Ono Nui or Onoi Nui as a general Matoran word for "universe". As for the "Makutaverse" connection, that'd be Makuta-Ono/Onoi, literally "body of Makuta".

If I have a choice of coming up with a new Matoran word that fits with canon, where would I rather derive it from? Two choices: (a) break the fourth wall and take it from a human language, or (b) fabricate it from already established canon material. As someone who cares about the internal consistency of the canon (and I'm sure you do too), I'd go with (b). Maybe that is subjective personal choice. As you say, I don't think we're really conflicting that much here. If I could come up with a Matoran etymology for Taia, I'd probably be okay with it, although my intuition says that there might be a better option...Either way. carry on. That doesn't really matter. You might have thought it was overcorrection. I don't care if it was. The result was that we had a set of okay Maori words to use--and we still do, so...Minor point though. I'm probably missing context here. Is this a thing now? Feel free to just say "yes" and leave it, since I'm not up on forum activity these days. =P Either way, the Latin comparison is a non-sequitor, although there probably is a legit example out there for you to use. LEGO went for Latin in the Bara Magna years because it's potentially easier to clear legally and it's not likely to offend anyone since it's a "dead" language (and Roman culture is similarly absent). yadda yadda

I didn’t say that, no. As you said—most of the original names/terms in Bionicle, in fact the majority of them, were derived from real world languages in some form or another. We all know that. That being said, it’s not six one way, half dozen another when it comes to Maori. Bionicle words were taken from Maori originally, yes, but that stopped pretty early on for very specific reasons (i.e., appropriation of Maori culture/language). We have a specific set of Maori-derived Matoran words that are "in bounds", and therefore I would argue that etymologies derived from those canon Matoran words are legitimate. Etymologies derived from randomly picked Maori words after the fact are not if you want them to line up with the canon. In fact, that last point seems to be the central issue here: I’m well aware of the details and legalities of what counts as canon. Here’s my point: I like to expand on the canon. Most of us do. And if I’m going to expand on the canon, I want it mesh with and be acceptable as canon, regardless of whether or not there’s any real-world possibility of said expansion being accepted as canon (which there isn’t). Simply put, that means no taking words from Maori, since Maori has been off-limits since early '02. And since the issue with Maori was related to cultural appropriation (i.e., not copyrighting), it makes sense that slightly modifying words from Maori is also off-limits. Pretty simple. Just because there’s no chance of a fan-expansion being accepted as canon doesn’t mean those fan-expansions can’t still be held to the same standards as canon would be. That’s my choice, of course. But maybe not yours. I feel like this may be directed at me, but maybe not. Either way--I certainly hope we agree that your approach ("Drawing inspiration from real life") and the approaches of others ("...elaborate linguistic analyses...") are equally legitimate contributions to the Bionicle fandom. They both express the passion and varying interests of Bionicle fans, and they are both, I think, very sincere. EDIT: And just to make sure the connection to the MU-name is clear: because of the reasons stated above, I'd rather derive a name for the MU internally via already-established Matoran content instead of externally via borrowing/modification from a real-world language.

Ah, okay, missed that. But even so, for all practical purposes, isn't "inspired by Maori" pretty much the same as "taken from Maori"? And by practical purposes I mean: "Could this work as a canon Matoran word?" Legally? Not if it's derived from Maori. I guess, in the grand scheme of things, I'd still love a term that has some kind of grounding in actual Matoran etymology.

Interesting...but why use straight, unfiltered Maori for this? Matoran isn't Maori. Unless this is meant to be just an abbreviation of convenience (i.e., not a plausible piece of Bionicle lore), in which case, no real opinion, I guess. I'd rather have something Matoran. =P

[hey look a tumblr] Treatise: Translating the Avohkii : Part 2 : Check out the previous post for the full lead-in. Here’s a summary: There is an inscription written on the Mask of Light. The Mask of Light film novelization provides the “text” of this inscription, while the Mask of Light film itself has a sequence of actual dialogue where the inscription is pronounced. The two versions are different, but are clearly related. Starting with the version transcribed from the film, I will attempt to arrive at a translation of the inscription that (1) works within the (mostly non-canon) version of Matoran grammar and etymology outlined extensively on this blog and (2) makes (some degree of) sense within the larger context of the Bionicle storyline. In the upcoming analysis, therefore, I will be drawing heavily upon the entries found in the Matoran Dictionary (Vols. 1-8), as well as upon the various bits and pieces of Matoran grammar that I have developed in the Learning Matoran series, Lessons 1-8 (e.g., grammatical particles for nouns and verbs—locative and subject/object particles, pronouns, etc.). In addition, the analysis of the text will be informed by some theorizing about the in-universe context of the Avohkii’s creation and purpose. Time to delve into the nitty-gritty details. Here’s the transcription that I arrived at in Part 1: Some general thoughts: Notice that the word makuta is clearly present, and the word taka also appears. Full disclosure, once again: the taka in this transcription is a “correction” I have made from tak[?], where the final syllable was indistinct in the film. Although the version of the text from the novelization seems to have a corresponding tahkee instead (cf. makuta-tahkee), I believe that the correction to taka will be justified in the end. Another familiar term is (what I have spelled as) whenu—very close to whenua. Furthermore, in comparison with the novel-version, the term a-tua-na could contain a variation of toa; the novel-version yields an equivalent toa-nak, in fact. These initial observations aside, let’s start by focusing on the first few words: ...mapaku ke whenu ka. As noted, a good place to start in the translation might be whenu, which resembles whenua. Here’s the relevant entry: whenua |n.cmpd.| hidden/secret underground [whenua < whe-nua, from whe “underground” and nua “hidden, unseen, secret”] Is this a good place to start though? Is it well-motivated if we want a translation that is as close to canon as a non-canon translation can get? In reality, that depends on the authenticity of the etymology of whenua. If I, as the translator, want to argue that whenua (or any other word encountered) is a legitimate candidate for incorporation in this translation, I have to be able to defend the etymologies that I’ve come up with. Alright, so let’s (try to) do that. Whenua is a compound of whe "underground" and nua "hidden, unseen, secret": whe |n.| underground [whe < uw-hī, from uw “under, lower, below” and the particle hī “thing, object, place”] Although I’ve used the postulated stem uw “under, lower, below” (variants w-, u, -a) in various other etymologies, it is probably the least well-attested of the elements at play here. There are two pieces of "evidence" that I can bring in its support, the first from the etymology for us "steed; lit. ‘under-thing’" and the second from the etymology of mangaia "under mangai". In the interest of time, I won’t go into the specifics, but suffice it to say that I believe the postulation of a stem element corresponding to uw "under, lower, below" (with variants) is reasonable. The second element, hī "thing, object, place" is much easier to defend, cf. my decomposition of kanohi, keahi, rahi, rahk-shi, mahi, etc. nua |adj.| hidden, unseen, secret [etymology uncertain; Variant forms: na, nu, ny] The defense of nua is more a matter of comparing the likely semantic domains of words in which (I claim) the element appears, viz. huna, nynrah, nuju, kranua, odina. My claim is that the common semantic element of these terms is in the range of "hidden, unseen, secret". The first two terms, hu-na and ny-nrah provide a certain amount of grounding for this meaning, regardless of its actual realization as na, ny (or elsewhere as nua). Alright, so that’s the rationale behind whenua. Whether or not it’s reasonable is certainly up to debate, but I will continue under the assumption that it is reasonable. So if we translate whenu as "hidden/secret underground", where does that leave us? It certainly gives us a direction to go in fleshing out the context of the rest of the inscription. Let’s see what else can we get from the surrounding text: Note that whenu is flanked by two monosyllables, ke and ka, that might be analyzed as separate words or grammatical particles, perhaps—the former at the very least. One correlation that quickly presented itself to me was the split-form of the basic locative particle -oki: -oki |p.| in, on, at; during (basic locative particle) [Variant form: ki/ke...o (splitting+displacement) - FD: LM#8] I won’t spend nearly as much time attempting to defend this translation choice, since there isn’t very much that can be defended: the "particles" (locative, objective, etc.) that I have introduced into Matoran etymology are, for the most part, of my own creation. However, I have found them extremely useful in deriving some rather tricky etymologies, and have been able to "retroactively" provide some evidence for them (cf. kiro, pouks for -oki). Regardless, as listed in the entry, this locative particle can be split into a circumfixal variant with initial ke- and final -o. If the ke in the inscription is in fact the locative particle, that would shift the meaning of ke-whenu to “in/on/at [locative] (a) secret underground (place)”. The -o element could easily become the victim of assimilation: ke-whenua-o > ke-whenuo > ke-whenu. This leaves ka. Continuing with the particle analysis, there is another locative particle that might prove to be a good candidate: the origin particle -ha (cf. arta-kha, mo-a, pek-ka, amay-a): -ha |p.| from, out of (origin particle) [Variant forms: -ga (after /n/), -ka (after consonants), -ka/-kha/-a (after vowels) - FD: LM#8] This particle manifests as -ka or -kha when it follows a vowel (beware: semi-arbitrary phonological rule!). If ka is the origin particle, this would further modify the meaning of ke-whenu-ka to “from [origin] within [locative] a secret underground (place)”, and we would have an example of two different particles modifying the same noun: ke-whenua-o-ka > ke-whenu-ka. How does this tie in to a relevant translation of the inscription on the Avohkii? Let’s translate a little further. We need to identify two things: (1) some kind of action or event—a verb?—within which to orient this concept of a thing “from within a secret-underground (place)” and (2) the thing itself that originates from the secret underground location—that is, the thing that ke-whenu-ka modifies or describes. The next few words may provide some insight: ke-whenu-ka kitu akila ... At first glance, there are no real distinguishing features that we can use to categorize these words. The same could be said looking back at mapaku. There are many directions that we could go here...too many, in fact. Whatever steps are taken after this, they are bound to be arbitrary and subjective to some degree. With this in mind: what follows is my own opinion to a much greater extent than the previous passages, so take it with that sizeable grain of salt: To accomplish a complete and coherent translation, I will choose to draw upon my own descriptions of Matoran verbal morphology, as represented in the Learning Matoran lesson (Lesson #6, in particular). I have proposed, minimally, that verbs in Matoran may take a pronominal particle/prefix to indicate either their subject or object. One of these is the third-person singular subject-pronoun ai- “s/he/it” (which may be contracted to a-) and another is the third-person singular object pronoun akai- “him/her/it” (which may be contracted to ak-). So if an a- or ak- prefix betrays a verb, we may have a candidate in akila: a-kila or ak-ila. How to decide? The answer may be somewhat straightforward: In a standard declarative sentence, it seems reasonable to assume that the verb would take a pronoun marking the subject. In a non-declarative—specifically, an imperative sentence (i.e. a command, “Throw the disk!”, “Kill the Rahi!”, etc.)—the subject (“you”) is generally implied (in human languages, at least), and so, if the verb is marked at all, it might be a reasonable for it to take a pronoun marking the object instead of the subject. Furthermore, the ending of akila does not show clear evidence of a verbal particle (e.g., -ya), so a further step would be to analyze akila as an imperative taking a third-person singular object pronoun: ak-ila. On a less grammar-oriented note, I believe the decision to analyze akila as an imperative can also be supported by assumptions about the context of the Avohkii-inscription: This is something that was written on a powerful Kanohi mask, presumably (my presumption) to inform others about its nature or function. I think it’d reasonable to assume that whatever is written on the Avohkii could take the form of instructions—commands. Continuing on: while imperative command-forms of verbs are generally assumed to be identical to the standard citation form (compare zya in the well-known Manas zya! “Attack the monster!”), it is no stretch to allow that imperative verb-forms could undergo minor reduction. As such, the closest candidate for a verb that would reduce to an imperative form ila might be something like il-ya. Looking at already-established (i.e. already sort-of-made-up!) verbs in the Dictionary, the following appears to be a promising option: el-ya |v.| to seek out [From the stem el “seeking/searching; detection, sense” and the verbal particle ya. Basically synonymous with el-ma “to seek, search”] If we define ak-ila in this way, the resulting meaning is “Seek out him/her/it”. Presto—we have satisfied task (1) above! We have identified an action/event—and it happens that the action/event can actually be interpreted as a command, a set of instructions. Interesting, no? Combined with the earlier ke-whenu-ka, we get the following: ... ke-whenu-ka ... ak-ila “Seek out (a thing/person) originating from within a secret underground (place)” It strikes me that this would be a significant thing for someone to write as instructions on a Kanohi that was meant for a particular type of Matoran—a type of Matoran that just so happens to originate from a very particular place within the MU…Hmm. I promise I’ll stop being so vague once we get a little farther along, though it may be obvious to you by now what direction I’m taking. We’ll see... Next time.

Good points all around. As you said--we know that this text is either taken from a real-world language (as most of the earlier names/terms in Bionicle were), or it's real-world gibberish. ...But, of course, it's not Bionicle-world gibberish. That's my assumption, at least. If it wasn't my assumption, I'd have no reason to be goofing around with this stuff. xP This is an interesting problem to deal with. I've been working under the assumption that the text from the novelization is, in fact, an "archaic" stage of Matoran, i.e., one that would require translation, but that the version spoken by Nokama is "modern" Matoran. That seems to be working so far. A related, but different, issue is the fact that Nokama (and the other Turaga) were most likely already aware of what the Avohkii said. They had the Avohkii in their possession a millenium before the events of MoL, and it's a pretty reasonable assumption that they did the translation work back then, before they hid the mask. So was Nokama actually quoting the text word-for-word in the film, or did she give an "amnesiac-Matoran-friendly" version? Food for thought. If there's any guiding principle behind how we ought to fabricate a translation for this or any other language in Bionicle, I think it's safe to say that avoiding direct connections to Maori and other human languages is the best route. And beyond the initial stock of 01'-03' words, we've been given no reason to assume that the meanings of real Maori words should have any bearing on the translation of Matoran words. And even then--Mata means (among other things) "face" in Maori, and that's clearly not the Matoran definition that we're given, for obvious reasons. Something to keep in mind. Thanks for your comment! JRRT

[also hey look a tumblr] Treatise: Translating the Avohkii : Part 1 : It has come to my attention that the novelization of the Mask of Light film includes the following passage: This is supposed to be Nokama’s reading of the inscription found on the Avohkii. Interesting, no? Even if the novelization is only semi-canon, this could provide material for expanding our (admittedly completely made-up) knowledge of the Matoran language. Where to begin? I began by seeking out the scene from the film itself where Nokama translates the inscription. I remember watching this years ago and hearing her utter some gibberish, but it never occurred to me that it might have been meaningful gibberish. Unfortunately for linguists attempting to reconstruct Matoran, the comparison of the film and the text from the novelization raises some problems. The bad news: The passages aren’t completely identical. The film-version is definitely truncated. The good news: While the film-version is shorter, it actually shares many elements with the novel-version. Both of these passages clearly come from the same source, and it appears that the film-version may be a pared-down form of the version presented in the book. So which one do we use? Maybe we can use both. First off, however, we need a transcription of the passage from the film. Here’s mine: Notes: - ' indicates stress on the following syllable. This won’t play a huge role, but it does help in determining some of the word breaks. - <break> indicates a brief pause, which I take to indicate a word-break in most cases. - ? in brackets [?] indicates an indistinct sound. The first [??] indicates that there may have been something within the break, but it was indecipherable. If we compare this transcription with the text from the novelization, we can further refine the analysis to include the more well-motivated word-breaks: I’ve put a dash between wenu and kakit[?] based on the orthography of the novel-version (wehnua-hakeeta). Likewise, for now I’ve kept [?]ke separate from wenu based on ...kanokee wehnua... [Real world intrusion here—this strikes me as very Maori, and I would not be surprised if we were dealing with a non-phonetic version of Maori text in the novelization, with the actress who voiced Nokama in the film just reading it off the script phonetically (hence the extreme reduction). That doesn’t work for everything, of course, since the novel-version includes words that don’t seem likely to be completely lost through pure phonological reduction: rahun-akh, panokeeta, etc.] Anyways, now that we’ve compared both versions a bit, the next question is: Which one is canon? As far as I know, the novelization is only semi-canon, while the film is full-canon, at least when it comes to events. It would be easy to just drop the novel-version, but then we’d lose a significant piece of potential data. Ideally, we should be able to come up with an analysis that accounts for and is informed by both. So here’s the plan: I will start with the film-version, taking it at face value, rather than as a truncation of the “full” version in the novelization. If we can come up with a bare-bones translation for that, the translation of the novel-version should come easily. With that in mind, I’ll revise the transcription from the film: Full disclosure: In anticipation of the final analysis below, I’ve filled in the [?]-gaps from the original in a way that I think is plausible (kit[?] > kitu, [?]hano > ahano, tak[?] > taka). I’ve also modified the spelling slightly (wenu > whenu). There is definitely some potential for error here, and there will be a few more modifications before we’re finished, but this should work for now. Next step: What could this possibly mean? We never get a straightforward translation. Here’s what Nokama says after translating the passage (taken directly from MoL): “This is the great Kanohi Mask of Light. A mask to be worn by a seventh Toa...A Toa of Light.” That’s pretty much it. Main points: The inscription may identify the mask as the Mask of Light, but then again, it may not, since the Turaga already knew what it was—they were the ones who hid it, after all. Likewise, the fact that it can only be worn by a “Seventh Toa” wouldn’t make a whole lot of sense in the inscription, since a seventh Toa isn’t all that special—there were hundreds (more on that later!). I think it’s likely that most of the dialogue related to the inscription was, in fact, theatrics. The Turaga simply revealed to the Matoran that the mask was the MoL and that there would be a “seventh” Toa—all of which the Turaga knew beforehand. Instead, in attempting to translate this inscription, it may be more useful to look at the origins of the MoL itself. Who wrote this inscription and why? The MoL was made on Artakha, and it was created for the specific purpose of combatting the Brotherhood of Makuta should they ever leave the straight and narrow. Artakha himself may have been the one to write the inscription, but regardless, the mask had a purpose from the beginning, and it would make sense for the inscription to pertain to that purpose: If the Makuta ever go bad, take this mask and find an Av-Matoran. I think it makes sense, at least! But we won’t know until we’ve got a translation, will we? This post has set the stage for just such an endeavor... Next time.

(Thought I'd jump in here real quick:) An important distinction needs to be made between the etymology/dictionary that I've come up with and the actual canon. My dictionary is not canon, although it does attempt to account for the canon English translations of words. For example, canonically valmai is defined as "cursed place"--that's what the canon says. In my dictionary, it acquires that meaning later, but its actual etymology is defined as something else. Likewise, a term like kaukau is canonically defined as "water-breathing". In my dictionary, kaukau could potentially be translated into English as "water-breathing", but etymologically it originates as a reduplicated form of kau which I (non-canonically) define as "breath" (kau-kau "lit. breath-of-breath"). See the difference? The etymologies are largely designed to approximate the canon terms, but there isn't always a one-to-one correspondence, since, unfortunately, you can't get very far with Matoran etymology under the assumption that the canon English translations are literal (e.g., kaukau literally incorporates meanings of "water" and "breathing", valmai literally incorporates "cursed" and "place", etc.). The suggestion that I made with Arka is, therefore, non-canon. While I'd be delighted if people want to use it in their own headcanon, if the goal of the topic is to come up with a term that could legitimately be canonized in the future, then it probably won't work. JRRT

As others have expressed, the first qualm I have is that in this case there's a fine line between printing it (i.e., putting the words on paper and giving it to people) and publishing it (i.e., printing w/ money involved). Actual publication is out of the question, of course, since it's not my intellectual property and a good chunk is already copyrighted by LEGO, but just getting the text printed...hm. Technically I can go down to my local copy shop and get the thing spiral-bound on paper any day, but it still has to be paid for, and I think that seems to be the real problem if multiple people want copies. Even so, if you know of a way of doing this without copyright infringement, I suppose I'd be open to it. PM me? =) JRRT

You people have brought many a smile to my face the past few days. After the time invested in the Matoran Dictionary project over the last several years, the sudden boost in exposure and overall positive response—both on BZP (thx news!) and off—means a lot. I’m glad to see so many people delving into it and having fun. In the end, that was the impetus for this project: my own personal enjoyment and enjoyment for other members of the Bionicle fandom. It’s all very satisfying. Heartfelt thanks. JRRT

Highlight of my week(s), man. JRRT

A Matoran Dictionary 2nd Edition VOLUME VIII :: V-Z -V- vā |stm.| 1. (abstract) time; 2. timeline, progression, advance, headway [Variant forms: vō (ā > ō / __#), vah-] vahi |n.| (Kanohi) lit. “time-thing” [vahi < vā-hī, from vā “(abstract) time” and the particle hī “thing, object, place”] vahki |n.| judge, law-keeper; lit. “measurer of limits” [vahki < fā-hiki, from fā(n) “limit, barrier, restriction; roof/ceiling, sky” and hiki¹ “measurement, extent” (see entry) - FD: MN#3] vakama |n.cmpd.| (the) future; lit. “movement of time” [vakama < vā-kama, from vā “time” and ka-ma “to move”] vako |n.| species of Rahi-bull; lit. “part of stampede/charge” [vako < va-kī-ō, from vā “time; timeline, progression, advance, headway”, the particle kī “part, piece, portion of” and the nounal particle ō. The term is applied in reference to the behavior of vako herds] valma |vn.| awaiting; lit. “seeking (a particular) time” [valma < vā-elma, from vā “time” and el-ma “to seek, search”] valmai |n.| (archaic) place of awaiting; cursed place [valmai < valma-hī, from valma “awaiting” and the particle hī “thing, object, place”] vamprah |n.cmpd.| always feeding/devouring; lit. “continuously made strong/satiated thing” [vamprah < vamu-pra-hī, from vamu “always, continuously”, the stem pra “strengthened, made strong” (variant of par, see entry), and the particle hī “thing, object, place”] vamu |adv.| always, continuously [vamu < vā-amu, an adverb grammaticalized from the nounal complex vā-amu, from vā “time; progression, advance” and the particle amu “through, by (transitional-instrumental)”] varian |n.| 1. time-struggler; lit. “one who strives against time”; 2. prisoner; lit. “one who strives against bonds/limits” [mult. potential etymologies; one proposed etymology is varian < vā-ari-ān, from vā “time”, ari “striving, struggling; climbing” (variant of rī, see entry), and ān “being, individual”; another proposed etymology is varian < fā-ari-ān, from fā(n) “limit, barrier, restriction; roof/ceiling”, ari “striving, struggling; climbing” (variant of rī see entry), and ān “being, individual”] vatuka |n.| (Rahi-) limited will-power [vatuka < fa-atu-ka, from fā(n) “limit, barrier, restriction; roof/ceiling”, atu “mind, will”, and ka “power, force, ability”. Applied to the elemental vatuka rock-creatures, in reference to their apparently half-sentient nature] veli 1. |vn./adj.| (archaic) awaiting, abiding; 2. |n.| (modern) riddle, secret knowledge [veli < vel-ī, from vel-, a contraction of earlier valma “awaiting” (vel- < vā-el- < vā-el-ma) and the nounal particle ī] velika |n.cmpd.| 1. powerful abiding/awaiting one; 2. riddler, keeper of secret knowledge [velika < veli-ka, from veli “awaiting, abiding; riddle, secret knowledge” and ka “power(ful), force, ability”] vezo |n./adj.| double, twofold [etymology uncertain] vezok |n.| duplicity, treachery; lit. “very two-faced” [vezok < vezo-ak, from vezo “double, twofold” and the intensive particle -ak] vezon |n.| double, twin, doppleganger [vezon < vezo-ān, from vezo “double, twofold” and ān “being, individual”] vhiso |n.| scholar; lit. “desiring subtle-things/facts” [vhiso < fi-hī-sā, from fi “subtle, fine, cunning; web”, the particle hī “thing, object, place”, and the primeval stem sā “hungering, desiring”] vhisola |n.cmpd.| excellent scholar [vhisola < vhiso-la, from vhiso “scholar” and the modifying particle -la “good, excellent”] vika |n.cmpd.| cunning power/ability [vika < fi-ka, from the stem fi “subtle, fine, cunning; web” and ka “power, force, ability”. Variant form: vica] vikan |n.cmpd.| one with cunning ability [vican < vika-ān, from vika “cunning power/ability” and ān “being, individual”. Variant form: vican] vira |n.| 1. wildly cunning; 2. sprawling web [vira < fi-ra, from fi ”subtle, fine, cunning; web” and ra “wild(ness), untamed”] vis |n.| Rahi-spider; lit. “web-creature” [vis < fi-s, from fi “subtle, fine, cunning; web” and the Rahi-designation affix -s] viso |n.| poison; lit. “spider-substance” [viso < vis-ō, from vis “spider” and the nounal particle ō] visorak |n.cmpd.| poisonous scourge, menace [visorak < visou-rak, from visou “poisonous” and rak “extreme wildness, lawlessness, violence; menace, scourge”] visou |adj.| poisonous [visou < viso-u, from viso “poison” and the adjectival particle u] vo |n./stm.| elemental lightning [vo < vō, from the primeval elemental stem vō “elemental lightning”. Variant forms: vo-, vol (l-modified)] vohi |n.| spark; discharge [vohi < vo-hī, from vo “elemental lightning” and the particle hī “thing, object, place”] voho |n.| static, static charge [voho < vohi-ō, from vohi “spark; discharge” and the nounal particle ō] vohon |n.| static/charged being [vohon < voho-ān, from voho “static, static charge” and ān “being, individual”] vohta |n.| discharging/aggressive/volatile spirit [vohta < vohi-ta, from vohi “spark; discharge” and ta “elemental fire; spirit, being, essence”] vohtarak |n.cmpd.| lit. “volatile/aggressive menace” [vohtarak < vohta-rak, from vohta “discharging/aggressive/volatile spirit” and rak “menace, scourge”] voli |adj.| flickering, flashing, wavering [voli < vo-li, from vo “elemental lightning” and the primeval modifying particle li] volitak |n.cmpd.| (Kanohi-) stealth; lit, “flickering/wavering spirit” [volitak < voli-ta-ak, from voli “flickering, flashing, wavering”, ta “elemental fire; spirit, being, essence”, and the intensive particle -ak] volo |n.| vitality, energy (substance) [volo < vol-ō, from the l-modified elemental stem vol “elemental lightning” and the nounal particle ō] vopo |n.| time-passing, age, erosion, entropy [vopo < vapo < vā-pā, from vā “time” and pā “elemental stone” (with final ā > ō vowel shift), yielding a sense of “time’s effect on stone; erosion”] voporak |n.cmpd.| lit. “scourge of time/entropy” [voporak < vopo-rak, from vopo “time-passing, age, erosion, entropy” and rak “menace, scourge”] vor |n.| hunger, energy-draining [vor < vō-ūr, from vo “elemental lightning” and the particle ūr(u) “un-, negative, not” - FD: MN#1] vorahk |n.cmpd.| lit. “devouring wild thing; devourer” [vorahk < vor-rahk, from vor “hunger, energy-draining” and rahk “wild/untamable thing” - FD: MN#1] voriki |n.cmpd.| (a) lightning bolt, shaft of lightning [voriki < vo-rī-kī, from vo “elemental lightning”, rī “wild, uncontrolled, violent”, and kī “part, piece, portion of”] vorzakh |n.cmpd.| lit. “great restricting judge/law-keeper” [vorzakh < vor-zatahki-ak, from vor (< fā-oro, a compound of fā(n) “limit, barrier, restriction” and oro “word, unit of communication” in imitation of boh-oro, see entry bohrok), zatahki “judge, law-keeper” (an earlier form of dahki, see entry), and the intensive particle -ak - FD: MN#3] vo-ya |v.| to conduct energy, flow (along), journey [From vo “elemental lightning” and the verbal particle ya] voya-nui |n.cmpd.| great journey [From voya “journey, current” (nominalized from the verbal complex vo-ya) and nui “great, significant”] vua |n.| great energy; power-reservoir [vua < vo-wa, from vo “elemental lightning” and wa “wide, great, large”] vuata |n.| power source; lit. “essence of great energy” [vuata < vua-ta, from vua “great energy” and ta “elemental fire; spirit, being, essence”] vuata-maca |n.cmpd.| power source and power distributor [From vuata “power source” and maca “power distributor”] vultraz |n.cmpd.| bird of prey; lit. “predatory sky-wing” [vultraz < fultriazi < faol-tiri-azi, from the stem faol “sky, ceiling” (u/l-modified from fā(n)), tiri “wing, flat appendage”, and azi “violence, predatory” (variant of zī, see entry)] -W- wa |adj./stm.| wide, great, large wahi |n.| region, place [wahi < wa-hī, from wa “wide, great, large” and the particle hī “thing, object, place”] wai- |p.| possessive particle [wai < *uai, originally denoting an object as being possessed (by something). Variant form: -ui (see entry) - FD: MN#7] waikiru |n.| (Rahi) possessing tusks [waikiru < wai-kiru, from the possessive particle wai (originally denoting possession of the object) and kiru “tusk, tooth”] wairuha |n.| possessing wisdom [wairuha < wai-ruha, from the possessive particle wai (originally denoting possession of the object) and ruha “contemplation, stillness; wisdom” (variant of rua, see entry)] whe |n.| underground [whe < uw-hī, from uw “under, lower, below” and the particle hī “thing, object, place”] whenua |n.cmpd.| hidden/secret underground [whenua < whe-nua, from whe “underground” and nua “hidden, unseen, secret”] -Y- -ya |p.| verbal particle [Variant forms: i...a, a...i (splitting+displacement)] yi |adv./stm.| together, combined yi-ya |v.| to collect, gather, bring together [From the stem yi “together, combined” and the verbal particle ya] -Z- za |n./stm.| planning, tactic [etymology uncertain; undoubtedly related to the set of stem-forms zī, zē, zai “strategy, planning, scheming; violence; predatory” (see entry zī). Variant form: xa] zadakh |n.cmpd.| lit. “great judge/law-keeper” [zadakh < zatahki-ak, from zatahki “judge, law-keeper” (an earlier form of dahki, see entry) and the intensive particle -ak - FD: MN#3] zahi |n.| plan, schematic, strategy [zahi < za-hī, za “planning, tactics” and the particle hī “thing, object, place”] zakaz |n.| war-zone, extreme violence; lit. “violence of violence” [zakaz < zai-ak-azi, from zai “violence” (variant of zī, see entry), the intensive particle -ak, and azi “violence, predatory” (variant of zī, see entry)] zakta |n.| very cunning spirit; lit. “spirit of great strategy/tactics” [zakta < za-ak-ta, from za “planning, tactic”, the intensive particle -ak, and ta “elemental fire; spirit, being, essence”] zaktan |n.| lit. “one with a very sly/cunning spirit” [zaktan < zakta-ān, from zakta “very cunning spirit” and ān “being, individual”] zali |n.| foreboding, premonition, sense of danger [zali < zai-el-ī, from zai “strategy, planning, scheming; violence; predatory” (variant of zī, see entry), the stem el “seeking/searching; detection, sense”, and the nounal particle ī] zamor |n.| sphere [etymology uncertain; one proposed etymology attributes the development of zamor to a rarely-attested primeval form sferu (sferu > sefur > zevor > zamor), frequently appearing as part of a compound sferu-makna. The meaning of this term is uncertain, although it is found exclusively in texts related to the Great Beings. It does not appear to be Matoran in origin] zaria |vn.| retaliation; counterattacking, counter-strategy [From the verbal complex zari-ya “to retaliate, counterattack”] zari-ya |v.| to retaliate, counterattack [zari-ya < za-ari-ya, from za “planning, tactics”, ari “striving, struggling; climbing” (variant of rī, see entry), and the verbal particle ya] zatth |n.cmpd.| (Kanohi-) summoning; lit “mind/will of authority” [zatth < zata-ath, from a primeval compound za-ta (later da) “authority, order” and ath, a heavily reduced form of atu “mind, will”] ze |adj./stm.| empty, emptied out, drained [Variant forms: zi, se] zemi |n.| absence, excavation; lit. “increasing emptiness” [zemi < ze-mi, from ze “empty, emptied out, drained” and mi “up, upward, rising”] zem-ya |v.| to excavate, empty/hollow out [zem-ya < zemi-ya, from zemi “absence, excavation” and the verbal particle ya] zī |n./stm.| strategy, planning, scheming; violence; predatory [Variant forms: zai, zē, zy, xi, azi] zia |vn.| planning, schematic, engineering [From the verbal complex zī-ya “to strategize”. Variant form: xia] zivon |n.| creature of violent energy [zivon < zī-vo-ān, from zī “strategy, planning, scheming; violence; predatory”, vo “elemental lightning; energy”, and ān “being, individual”] zu |adj.| tactical [zu < za-u, from za “planning, tactics” and the adjectival particle u] zya |v.| (archaic) to strategize, attack [zya < zī-ya, from zī “strategy, planning, scheming; violence; predatory” and the verbal particle ya] zyglak |n.cmpd.| lit. “extremely treacherous/traitorous power” [zyglak < zy-kal-ak, from zy “strategy, planning, scheming; violence; predatory” (a variant of zī, see entry), the modified stem kal “power, force, ability”, and the intensive particle -ak] -------------------- Key: |adj.| - Adjective |adj.cmpd.| - Adjective Compound |adv.| - Adverb |aff.| - Affix |n.| - Noun |n.cmpd.| - Noun Compound |p.| - Particle |p.cmpd.| - Particle Compound |pro.| - Pronoun |stm.| - Stem |v.| - Verb |vn.| - Verbal Noun |vn.cmpd.| - Verbal Noun Compound Some entries are marked with FD “Further Discussion”, followed by a reference to a blog entry containing more explanatory content related to that etymology. The references are as follows: NM - “Nameless Masks” MN#1-X... - “Meaningless Names #1-X...” LM#1-X - “Learning Matoran, Lesson 1-X...”

A Matoran Dictionary 2nd Edition VOLUME VII :: T-U -T- ta |n./stm.| 1. elemental fire; 2. spirit, being, essence; 3. courage, ability, leadership; 4. fierce, rash, brash [ta < tā, from the elemental stem tā “elemental fire”. Variant forms: ta-, tal (l-modified), tau (u-modified, see entry tu), tah, tō (ā > ō / __# )] tahnok |n.| fire-designation Bohrok [FD: MN#2] tahtorak |n.cmpd.| very fierce speaker/orator [tahtorak < tah-toro-ak, from tah (variant of ta, see entry) “elemental fire; fierce, rash, brash”, toro “speaker, orator”, and the intensive particle -ak] tahu¹ |adj.| fiery, flaming [etymology uncertain; possibly tahu < tah-u, from tah (variant of ta, see entry) “elemental fire” and the adjectival particle u] tahu² |n.| play of flame; lit. “sport/activity of fire” [etymology uncertain; possible tahu < ta-huw, from ta “elemental fire” and the stem huw “sport, activity”] tai |n.| spirit, being, essence [tai < ta-ī, from ta “elemental fire; spirit, being, essence” and the nounal particle ī] taiki |n.cmpd.| lit. “spirit of (a) high place” [taiki < ta-ikhi, from the elemental stem ta “elemental fire; spirit, being, essence” and ikhi “high-place” (variant of inikhi, see entry)] taipu |n.cmpd.| friendly spirit [taipu < tai-pu, from tai “spirit, being, essence” and pu “friend(ly), ally”] taka |n.| firelight, torchlight, illumination; heat [taka < ta-ka, from ta “elemental fire” and ka “power, force, ability”, yielding a sense of “light cast by fire/torch; light that leads the way”] takado |n.cmpd.| lit. “order through enlightenment/illumination” [takado < taka-dā, from taka “illumination” (see entry) and dā “authority, order” (with final ā > ō vowel shift)] takadox |n.cmpd.| lit. “greater order through enlightenment/illumination” [takadox < takado-ak-si, from takado “lit. ‘order through enlightenment/illumination’”, the intensive particle -ak, and the comparative adjectival particle si] takanuva |n.cmpd.| new illumination [takanuva < taka-nuva, from taka “illumination” (see entry) and nuva “new, original”] takea |n.| king of sharks [takea < ta-kea, from ta “elemental fire; courage, ability, leadership” and kea “Rahi-shark”] takha |vn.| crafting, craft [takha < ta-ha, nominalized from the verbal complex ta-ha “to heat, forge, weld; to craft (smthg); lit. make-with-fire” - FD: MN#6] taku |n.| Rahi-bird; flying spirit [taku < ta-kua, from ta “elemental fire; spirit, being, essence” and kua “bird, flying thing” (see entry). Applied to the taku subspecies of gukko-bird] takua |n.cmpd.| 1. bird of fire; 2. free/independent spirit; 3. broad illumination; great illuminator [mult. potential etymologies; one proposed etymology, encompassing meanings 1. and 2., is takua < ta-kua, from ta “elemental fire; spirit, being, essence” and kua “bird; free, free-flying” (see entry); another proposed etymology is takua < taka-wa, from taka “firelight, torchlight, illumination” and the stem wa “wide, great, large”] talvi |n.| subtle flame [talvi < tal-fi, from the l-modified elemental stem tal “elemental fire” and fi “subtle, fine, cunning; web, silk”] tamaru |n.cmpd.| imagination, dream; lit. “flight of spirit” [tamaru < ta-mairu, from ta “elemental fire; spirit, being, essence” and mairu “levitation, floating” (variant of miru, see entry). Variant form: tamairu] tanma |n.cmpd.| soaring/uplifted spirit [tanma < ta-ān-mai, from ta “elemental fire; spirit, being, essence”, ān “being, individual”, and mai “up, upward, above” (variant of mi, see entry)] tara |n.| wild spirit; spirit of wildness [tara < ta-ra, from ta “elemental fire; spirit, being, essence” and ra “wild(ness), untamed”] tarakava |n.cmpd.| rapid/rushing spirit of wildness [tarakava < tara-kava, from tara “spirit of wildness” and kava “rapid, rushing, breathless”] te |stm.| vessel, contained space [etymology uncertain; undoubtedly related to the stem ti “space, area” (see entry); one proposed etymology derives both stems from the elemental stem ta “elemental fire; spirit, being, essence” (see entry)] tehu |n.| archiving; archivist [tehu < te-huw, from the stems te “vessel, contained space” and huw “activity, sport”] tehutti |n.cmpd.| willful archivist [tehutti < tehu-atti, from tehu “archiving; archivist” and atti “willful” (variant of atui, see entry)] ter |stm./n.| 1. guidance, guiding-force; lit. “application of leadership” [ter < tēr < ta-ār, from ta “elemental fire; bravery, ability, leadership” and the particle ār “applied, application of; applied against, resistance, hindering”. Variant forms: -tar, tre, tra] teridax |n.cmpd.| lit. “guide toward greater order/greater execution of the Plan” [teridax < ter-īda-ak-si, from ter “guidance, guiding-force”, the nounal complex ī-da “toward order”, the intensive particle -ak, and the comparative adjectival particle si - FD: MN#6] thok |adj.| extremely fierce [thok < tho-ak, from tho “fierce” (Skakdi dialectal variant of toi, see entry) and the intensive particle -ak] thulo |n.| obedience; lit. “excitement (about one’s) duty” [thulo < thou-lho, from thou “red; fiery, lively” (< tou, variant of toi, see entry) and lho “duty, function, assigned purpose”] thulox |n.| greater obedience [thulox < thulo-ak-si, from thulo “obedience”, the intensive particle -ak, and the comparative adjectival particle si] ti |stm.| space, area [etymology uncertain; undoubtedly related to the stem te “vessel, contained space” (see entry); one proposed etymology derives both stems from the elemental stem ta “elemental fire; spirit, being, essence” (see entry)] tiki |n.| airspace; lit. “part of space” [tiki < ti-kī, from the stem ti “space, area” and the particle kī “part, piece, portion of”] tikko |n.| icy wind [tikko < tiki-ko, from tiki “airspace; lit. ‘part of space’” and ko “elemental ice”] tiri |n.| wing, flat appendage [etymology uncertain; possibly tiri < ti-rui, from ti “space, area”] and rui “joint”] tiribomba |n.cmpd.| jungle-leaf; lit. “wing of branch/tree” [tiribomba < tiri-bomba, from tiri “wing, flat appendage” and bomba “trunk, branch, limb of plant”. Used as a term for the broad, spade-like leaves of the common gamadu tree] tiro |n.| narrow canyon/ravine; lit. “narrow/bounded space” [tiro < ti-ro, from ti “space, area” and ro “line, edge, boundary” (variant of rho, see entry)] toa |n.| hero, protector; lit. “spirit of protection” [toa < tau-hā, from the u-modified elemental stem tau “elemental fire; essence/spirit, result-of-process” and hā “protection, peace/calm, systems-normal”. Variant forms: toua, tua] tobdu |n.cmpd.| iron will; lit. “will of (a) fiery being/creature” [tobdu < toubatu < tou-pi-atu, from tou “red; fiery, lively” (variant of toi, see entry), pi “agent, perpetrator; creature”, and atu “mind, will”] tobduk |n.| survivor, fighter [tobduk < tobdu-ak, from tobdu “iron will” and the intensive particle -ak] toi |adj.| red; fiery, lively [toi < ta-ui, from ta “elemental fire” and the adjectival particle ui. Variant forms: taui, toui, tou, tuy, tho (Skakdi variant)] toro |n.| speaker, orator [toro < ta-oro, from ta “elemental fire; spirit, being, essence” and oro “word, unit(s) of communication”] toudo |n.| energetic/eccentric spirit [toudo < tou-tā, from tou “red; fiery, lively” (variant of toi, see entry) and tā “elemental fire; spirit, being, essence” (with final ā > ō vowel shift)] trali |adj.| guided, controlled [trali < tra-li, from tra “guidance, guiding force” (variant of tre < ter) and the primeval modifying particle li] trei |stm.| guiding together [trei < tre-yi, from the stem tre “guidance, guiding-force” (variant of ter, see entry) and yi “together, combined”] tren |n.| guide; lit. “guide-being” [tren < tre-ān, from the stem tre “guidance, guiding-force” (variant of ter, see entry) and ān “being, individual” - FD: MN#6] tridax |n.cmpd.| lit. “organizer of greater order/authority” [tridax < trei-da-ak-si, from the stem trei “guiding together”, da “order, authority”, the intensive particle -ak, and the comparative adjectival particle si] tryna |n.cmpd.| (Kanohi-) lit. “guiding together a great host” [tryna < trei-ana, from the stem trei “guiding together” and ana “group, host; many beings”. Variant forms: traina, treina] -tu |p.| spirit/essence; result of process [tu < tau, from the u-modified elemental stem tau “spirit/essence; result of process” (see entry ta). Variant forms: to-, -ta, -tau] tūli |adj.| animated, excited, energetic [tūli < tou-li, from tou “red; fiery, lively” (variant of toi, see entry) and the primeval modifying particle li] tur |n.| fear, terror [tur < ta-ūr, from ta “elemental fire; leadership, courage” and ūr(u) “un-, negative, not”] turaga |n.cmpd.| 1. courageous/leading elder; 2. elder-Toa [turaga < toa-raga, from toa “hero; protector” and raga “elder”] turahk |n.cmpd.| lit. “terrifying wild thing” [turahk < tur-rahk, from tur “fear, terror” and rahk “wild/untamable thing” - FD: MN#1] turu-ha |v.| to fear, be fearful [From the stem tūr(u) “fear, terror” and the verbal particle ha]† tuyet |n.| fiery will [tuyet < toui-et, from toui “red, fiery” (variant of toi, see entry) and et “mind, will” (a heavily reduced form of atu, see entry)] -U- ua |pro.| one, they (impersonal) [4th pers., subject form - FD: LM#7]† udui |n.| leg; lit. “lower-limb” [udui < uw-dui, from the stem uw “under, lower, below” and dui “limb, appendage; extension”. Variant forms: odui, oduhi, oduh]† uduno |n.cmpd.| south (cardinal direction) [uduno < udui-ono, from udui “leg” and ono “protodermis”. This term patterns traditionally with terms for cardinal directions in that such terms appear to be derived from parts of the body (see entries maiduno, meno, midouno). Variant form: udouno]† uhu-ya |v.| to practice; imitate [From the stem uhu “practice, activity; imitation” (variant of huw “sport, activity”) and the verbal particle ya] -ui |p.| possessive particle [ui < *uai, originally denoting an object that possesses something. Variant form: wai- (see entry) - FD: MN#7]† uko |p.| outside, external (locative particle) [Variant form: ko...u (splitting+displacement)] ukua |n.| diving-bird [ukua < uw-kua, from uw “under, lower, below” and kua “bird, flying thing” (see entry)] (u)kuta |n.| lesser spirit, being of lesser rank [ukuta < uku-ta, from the particle (u)ku “middle, in the midst of” and ta “elemental fire; spirit, being, essence”] us |n.| steed; lit. “under-thing” [us < uw-s, from the stem uw “under, lower, below” and the Rahi-designation affix -s] us-ha |v.| to ride [From us “steed” and the verbal particle ha] ussa |n.| steed, mount, vehicle [ussa < us-ha, from the verbal complex us-ha “to ride”. Variant form: usha] ussal |n.| Rahi-crab; lit. “ridden/riding-thing” [ussal < ussa-li, from ussa “steed, mount, vehicle” and the primeval modifying particle li. Variant form: ushal] ussanui |n.cmpd.| great steed/vehicle [ussanui < ussa-nui, from ussa “steed, mount, vehicle” and nui “great, significant”] uw |adv./stm.| under, lower, below [Variant forms: u-, ū, au] ---------------------- Key: |adj.| - Adjective |adj.cmpd.| - Adjective Compound |adv.| - Adverb |aff.| - Affix |n.| - Noun |n.cmpd.| - Noun Compound |p.| - Particle |p.cmpd.| - Particle Compound |pro.| - Pronoun |stm.| - Stem |v.| - Verb |vn.| - Verbal Noun |vn.cmpd.| - Verbal Noun Compound Some entries are marked with FD “Further Discussion”, followed by a reference to a blog entry containing more explanatory content related to that etymology. The references are as follows: NM - “Nameless Masks” MN#1-X... - “Meaningless Names #1-X...” LM#1-X - “Learning Matoran, Lesson 1-X...”

A Matoran Dictionary 2nd Edition VOLUME VI :: R-S -R- ra |adj./stm.| 1. wild, free, untamed; 2. strive, struggle; climb [Variant form: ar(a)i (verbal)] radi |n.| laughter; wild, gibbering sound [radi < ra-de, from ra “wild(ness), untamed” and de “elemental sound”] radiak |n.| raucous sound/laughter [radiak < radi-ak, from radi “laughter; wild, gibbering sound” and the intensive particle -ak] raga |n./stm.| elder, wise one; lit. “tamed, wildness-at peace” [raga < ra-ga, from ra “wild(ness), untamed” and ga “elemental water; peace, calm, settledness”] rahaga |n.cmpd.| 1. guardian of wild(-things), beast-master; 2. wild guardians [rahaga < ra-hagah, from ra “wild(ness), untamed” and hagah “guardian”] rahi |n.| Rahi, wild thing, beast [rahi < ra-hī, from ra “wild(ness), untamed” and the particle hī “thing, object, place”] rahi-nui |n.cmpd.| great rahi [From rahi “wild thing, beast” and nui “great, significant”] rahk |n.| wild/untamable thing [rahk < ra-hī-ak, from ra “wild(ness), untamed”, the particle hī “thing, object, place”, and the intensive particle -ak] rahkshi |n.cmpd.| (Rahi-) wild/untamable offspring/spawn [rahkshi < rahk-shi, from rahk “wild/untamable thing” and shi “offspring, spawn” - FD: MN#1] rak |n./stm.| extreme wildness, lawlessness, violence; menace, scourge [rak < ra-ak, from ra “wild(ness), untamed” and the intensive particle -ak. Variant form: rakk (Skakdi dialect)] rakauhi |n.| wild bird [rakauhi < ra-kau-hī, from ra “wild(ness), untamed”, kau “free-flowing, breathing; flying” and the particle hī “thing, object, place”. Variant forms: rakohi, rockoh] rak-ya |v.| to commit crime/violence, to wrong; to murder [From the stem rak “extreme wildness, lawlessness, violence” and the verbal particle ya]† rama |n.| flying Rahi-insect [rama < ra-mai, from ra “wild(ness), untamed” and mai “up, upward, above” (variant of mi, see entry), yielding a sense of “flying wild-thing”. Variant forms: ramai, rami] ranama |n.| predatory Rahi; lit. “mastery of many wild things” [ranama < ra-nā-ma, from ra “wild(ness), untamed”, the plural particle nā, and ma(t) “mastery, control”. Applied to the ranama species of Rahi-toad, referencing their fierce predatory nature] rau |n.| (Kanohi-) translation, understanding [etymology uncertain; undoubtedly related to oro “word, unit of communication”, possibly rau < roua < ro-wa, from ro “word, unit of communication” and wa “wide, great, large; expanse”, yielding an original sense of “many words, expanse of words”] rehi |n.| home, homeland [rehi < rei-hī, from rei “home, nest, safe place” and the particle hī “thing, object place”] rehix |n.| community; lit. “greater home” [rehix < rehi-ak-si, from rehi “home, homeland”, the intensive particle -ak, and the comparative adjectival particle si] rei |n./stm.| home, nest, safe place [etymology uncertain. Variant forms: rey, rye, rī, rea] reidak |n.| extremely wild/violent spirit [reidak < rei-ta-ak, from rei “wild, uncontrolled, violent” (Skakdi dialectal variant of rī, see entry), ta “elemental fire; spirit, being, essence” and the intensive particle -ak] reysa |n.| homesickness; lit. “hunger for home” [reysa < rey-sa, from rey (variant of rei, see entry) and the stem sa “hungering; desiring”] rho |n./stm.| line, edge, boundary [etymology uncertain; Variant forms: ro, rō] rhotu |n.| wheel, ring, circle [etymology uncertain; undoubtedly related to the stem rho “line, edge, boundary”, possibly rhotu < rho-tu, from rho “line, edge, boundary” and tu (< du) “extension, scope, reach; influence”] rhotuka |n.cmpd.| wheel of energy [rhotuka < rhotu-ka, from rhotu “wheel, ring, circle” and ka “power, force, ability”] rī |adj.| wild, uncontrolled, violent [rī < ra-ui, from ra “wild(ness), untamed” and the adjectival particle ui. Variant forms: raui, rai, rei (Skakdi variant)] ris |n.| bird; nesting creature; lit. “nest-spawn” [ris < rī-s, from rī “home, nest, safe-place” (variant of rei, see entry) and the Rahi-designation affix -s. Variant form: reas] rōdaka |n.cmpd.| heir, ascendant; lit. “(on the) edge of powerful authority” [rōdaka < rō-da-ka, from rō “line, edge” (variant of rho, see entry), da “order, authority”, and ka “power(ful), force, ability”] rode |n.cmpd.| (Kanohi-) truth, clarity, clear communication; lit. “sound of word” [rode < ro-de, from ro “word, unit of communication” (variant of oro, see entry) and de “elemental sound”] ropo |n.| patience [ropo < ro-po, from ro “contemplation, stillness” (variant of rua, see entry) and po “elemental stone”, yielding a sense of “stillness of stone”] roporak |n.cmpd.| patient menace; lit. “scourge of patience” [roporak < ropo-rak, from ropo “patience” and rak “menace, scourge”] rorzakh |n.cmpd.| lit. “great limiting judge/law-keeper” [rorzakh < rhor-zatahki-ak, from rhor (from rho-oro, a compound of rho “line, edge, boundary” and oro “word, unit of communication” in imitation of boh-oro, see entry bohrok), zatahki “judge, law-keeper” (an earlier form of dahki, see entry), and the intensive particle -ak - FD: MN#3] ru |n./adj./stm.| orientation; oriented toward; intention [etymology uncertain] rua |n.| (Kanohi-) contemplation, stillness; wisdom; lit. “peaceful orientation/intention” [rua < ru-ha, from ru “orientation; oriented toward; intention” and ha “protection, peace/calm, systems-normal”. Variant forms: ruha, ro-] rui¹ |n.| joint; lit. “orienting thing” [rui < ru-hī, from ru “orientation; oriented toward; intention” and the particle hī “thing, object, place”]† rui² |adj.| oriented toward [rui < ru-ui, from ru “orientation; oriented toward; intention” and the adjectival particle ui] ruki |n.| school-swimming Rahi-fish; lit. “part of (larger) orientation” [ruki < ru-kī, from ru “orientation; oriented toward; intention” and the particle kī “part, piece, portion of”] ruru |n.| (Kanohi-) sensory-awareness, night-vision; lit. “orientation-of-orientation” [From an intensivizing reduplication of ru “orientation; intention”] -S- -s |aff.| Rahi-designation [An affix derived from shi “offspring, spawn” (see entry)] sa |stm.| hungering, desiring [sa < sā, from the stem sā “hungering desiring”. Variant forms: sā, -so (ā > ō / _#)] san |stm./adj.| precise, accurate, clear [etymology uncertain] sano |n.| accuracy, precision [sano < san-ō, from the stem san “precise, accurate, clear” and the nounal particle ō] sanok |n.| (Kanohi-) extreme accuracy/precision [sanok < sano-ak, from sano “accuracy, precision” and the intensive particle -ak] sanso |adj.| focused, obsessive; lit. “desire for precision” [sanso < san-sā, from the stem san “precise, accurate, clear” and sā “hungering, desiring” (older form of sa, see entry, with final ā > ō vowel shift)] sare |adj.| nostalgic, wistful, sad [sare < sa-rei, from sa “hungering, desiring”, rei “home, nest, safe-place”] sarda |n.| nostalgic/wistful/sad spirit [sarda < sare-ta, from sare “nostalgic, wistful, sad” and ta “elemental fire; spirit, being, essence”] sau |adj.| hungry, desirous; living, active [sau < sa-u, from sa “hungering, desiring” and the adjectival particle u. Variant form: sū] se |n./stm.| elemental psionics [se < sē, from the primeval stem sē “elemental psionics”. Variant forms: se-, ce-, sul (u/l-modified)] sentrahk |n.cmpd.| lit. “emptying (a) being-vessel of untamable-wildness” [sentrahk < se-ān-te-rahk, from se “empty, emptied out” (variant of ze, see entry), ān “being, individual”, te “vessel, contained space”, and rahk “wild/untamable thing”] shasa |n.| reserved, shy; lit. “desiring silence” [shasa < shai-sa, from shai “silence; mute, quiet” (variant of she, see entry) and sa “hungering, desiring”] she |n.| silence, muteness; whisper [she < shē, from the stem shē “silence; mute, quiet”. Variant forms: sha, shai, shī] shelek |n.cmpd.| (Kanohi-) complete deaf-muteness [shelek < she-leu-ak, from the stem she “silence, muteness; whisper”, the u-modified elemental stem leu “elemental air; listening/hearing/speaking”, and the intensive particle -ak] shi |n.| offspring, spawn [shi < isi-hī, from isi “possibility; possible” and the particle hī “thing, object, place” - FD: MN#1] shu |adj.| silent; whispering [shu < she-u, from she “silence, muteness; whisper” and the adjectival particle u] sido |n.| commander, decision-maker; lit. “authority over possibilities” [sido < isi-dā, from isi “possible; possibility” and dā “authority, order” (with final ā > ō vowel shift)] sidorak |n.cmpd.| commander of the menace/scourge [sidorak < sido-rak, from sido “commander, decision-maker” and rak “menace, scourge”] solek |n.cmpd.| blazing wind [solek < su-le-ak, from su “elemental plasma; bright, blazing”, le “elemental air”, and the intensive particle -ak. Variant form: sulek] spinax |n.cmpd.| great tracker/hunter [spinax < sa-pin-ak-s, from sa “hungering, desiring”, pin “subject, target”, the intensive particle -ak, and the Rahi-designation suffix -s. Variant forms: spainax, spinaks] spiriah |n.cmpd.| 1. (archaic) strategic experiment; 2. (modern) empty experiment; failure [mult. potential etymologies; one proposed etymology is spiriah < zī-piriahi, zī “strategy, planning, scheming” and piriahi “experiment”; another proposed etymology is spiriah < zi-piriahi, from zi “empty/emptied space” and piriahi “experiment”] su |n./stm.| elemental plasma [su < sū, from the primeval elemental stem sū “elemental plasma”. Variant form: su-] sūko |n.| stasis, suspension [sūko < sū-ko, from sū “living, active” (variant of sau, see entry) and ko “elemental ice”. Variant form: sauko] sūkorak |n.cmpd.| scourge of stasis/suspension [sūkorak < sūko-rak, from sūko “stasis, suspension” and rak “menace, scourge”. Variant form: saukorak] suletu |n.cmpd.| (Kanohi-) psionic will, mind of psionics [suletu < sul-atu, from the u/l-modified elemental stem sul “elemental psionics” (see entry se) and atu “mind, will” - FD: NM] suva |n.| shrine, gathering place [etymology uncertain; possibly related to vā “time”, with reference to the design-parallels between the suva-mechanisms and the common layout of the Matoran sundial] -------------------- Key: |adj.| - Adjective |adj.cmpd.| - Adjective Compound |adv.| - Adverb |aff.| - Affix |n.| - Noun |n.cmpd.| - Noun Compound |p.| - Particle |p.cmpd.| - Particle Compound |pro.| - Pronoun |stm.| - Stem |v.| - Verb |vn.| - Verbal Noun |vn.cmpd.| - Verbal Noun Compound Some entries are marked with FD “Further Discussion”, followed by a reference to a blog entry containing more explanatory content related to that etymology. The references are as follows: NM - “Nameless Masks” MN#1-X... - “Meaningless Names #1-X...” LM#1-X - “Learning Matoran, Lesson 1-X...”

A Matoran Dictionary 2nd Edition VOLUME V :: N-P -N- nā |p.| many, multiple (plural particle) [Variant forms: nāl (l-modified), -nō (ā > ō / __#] naho |n.| protection of many [naho < nā-hō, from the plural particle nā “many, plural” and hā “protection, peace/calm, systems-normal” (with final ā > ō vowel shift)] nai |n./p.| all [nai < nā-ī, from the plural particle nā and the nounal particle ī. Variant form: nī] nai-ya |v.| to multiply, proliferate [From nai “all” and the verbal particle ya] nalo |n.| group, collection, herd [nalo < nāl-ō, from nāl, a stem-modification of the plural particle nā, and the nounal particle ō] nekta |n.| overlord, high rank; lit. “very large spirit” [nekta < ne-ak-ta, from ne “great, big” (Skakdi dialectal variant of nui, see entry), the intensive particle -ak, and ta “elemental fire; spirit, being, essence”] nektann |n.| overlord/high-ranking being [nektann < nekta-ann, from nekta “overlord, high rank” and ann “being, individual” (Skakdi dialectal variant of ān, see entry)] nga |adj./n.| one; first, lone [etymology uncertain] ngai |adj.| elite [ngai < ngaui, from nga “one; first, lone” and the adjectival particle ui. Variant form: ngoi] ngalawa |n.| boat-race; lit. “first-boat” [ngalawa < nga-lawa, from nga “one, first; lone” and lawa “boat, floating vessel”] ngu |adj./n.| last, final; alone [ngu < nga-u, from nga “one; first, lone” (see entry) and the adjectival particle u] ni |p.| one who (personifying particle) niazesk |n.| (Rahi-) terrible swarming predator [niazesk < niazis-ak, from niazis “Rahi-insect; swarming predator” and the intensive particle -ak. Variant form: niazisak] niazis |n.| Rahi-insect; swarming predator [niazis < niya-azi-s, from niya “multiplying, swarming” (stem variant derived from the verbal complex nai-ya, see entry), azi “violence, predatory” (variant of zai, zī), and the Rahi-designation suffix -s] nidi |n.| cunning, slyness; thievery [nidi < ni-zi-ti, from the particle ni “person/place who”, zi “empty, emptied out” (variant of ze, see entry), and ti “vessel”, yielding an original sense of “one who empties vessels; thief”] nidhiki |n.cmpd.| 1. measurer of cunning; 2. cunning deception [nidhiki < nidi-hiki, from nidi “cunning, slyness; theivery” and hiki (multiple meanings, see entries)] nihu |adj.| starry; glittering, sparkling [nihu < nih-u, from i(n)ih “high, elevated; star(s)” and the adjectival particle u] niki |n.| (individual) star; lit. “piece of star(s)” [niki < nih-kī, from i(n)ih “high, elevated; star(s)” and the particle kī “part, piece, portion of”] nikila |n.cmpd.| precious falling-star [nikila < niki-la, from niki “(individual) star; lit. ‘piece of star(s)’” and the modifying particle -la “good, excellent”] nireta |n.| sailor, seaworthy one; lit. “spirit at home on the sea” [nireta < nī-rei-ta, from nī “(liquid) protodermis; sea, ocean”, rei “home, nest, safe place”, and ta “elemental fire; spirit, being, essence”] nita |adj.| uplifted, enlightened [nita < ni-ta, from i(n)ih “high, elevated; star(s)” and the elemental stem ta “elemental fire; spirit, being, essence”] nita-ya |v.| to uplift, enlighten [From nita “uplifted, enlightened” and the verbal particle ya] nivawk |n.| Rahi-hawk; lit. “under the high sky” [nivawk < nih-fau-ak, from i(n)ih “high, elevated; star(s)”, fau “under-roof”, and the intensive particle -ak] nixie |n.| astrology, lit. “star-possibilities” [nixie < niki-isi, from niki “(individual) star(s), lit. ‘piece of star(s)’” and isī (< isi) “possible; possibility”] nohi |n.| face; mask [nohi < no-hī, from no (< ono) “protodermis” and the particle hī “thing, object, place”. Originates as a term used by mask-makers in reference to powerless Matoran masks] noi |n.| (liquid) protodermis; sea, ocean [noi < no-ī, from no (< ono) “protodermis” and the nounal particle ī. Variant form: nī] noka |n.| (Kanoka-) disk; powerful protodermic object [noka < no-ka, from no (< ono) “protodermis” and ka “power(ful), force, ability”] nokama |n.cmpd.| tide; current; lit. “movement of the sea (liquid protodermis)” [nokama < noi-kama, from noi “(liquid) protodermis; sea, ocean” and ka-ma “to move”] nokoro |n.| cliff, dome-barrier [nokoro < no-koro, from no (< ono) “protodermis” and koro “(archaic) wall, barrier”]† nokoro-nui |n.cmpd.| the Great Barrier [From nokoro “cliff, dome-barrier” and nui “great, significant”]† norik |n.| command of many [norik < nā-orik, from the plural particle nā “many, plural” and orik “command, authority”. Variant form: noryk] nua |adj.| hidden, unseen, secret [etymology uncertain; Variant forms: na, nu, ny] nuhvok |n.| earth-designation Bohrok [FD: MN#2] nuhrī |n.| mask-maker; lit. “oriented toward mask(s)” [nuhrī < nohi-rī, from nohi “face; mask” (see entry) and the particle rī, a reduction of rui “oriented toward” (< ru-ui). Variant form: nuri] nui |adj.| great, significant; large [nui < nā-ui, from the plural particle nā “many, multiple” and the adjectival particle ui. Variant forms: -nī, ne- (Skakdi variant)] nui-jaga |n.cmpd.| (Rahi-) giant Rahi-scorpion [From nui “great, significant” and jaga “Rahi-scorpion”] nui-kopen |n.cmpd.| (Rahi-) giant flying carver [From nui “great, significant” and kopen “flying carver”] nui-rama |n.cmpd.| (Rahi-) giant flying Rahi-insect [From nui “great, significant” and rama “flying Rahi-insect”] nuju |n.| secret intelligence [nu-ju < nu-aju, from nu “hidden, unseen, secret” (variant of nua, see entry) and aju “intelligent; intelligence”] nuparu |n.cmpd.| iron-monger; lit. “oriented toward earth and stone” [nuparu < nu-pa-ru, from nu “elemental earth”, pa “elemental stone”, and ru “orientation; oriented toward; intention”] nūrakh |n.| firm-command-Vahki [nūrakh < nu-oro-akh, from nu “elemental earth” (variant of onu, see entry), oro “word, unit of communciation”, and the Vahki-designation affix -akh (reanalyzed from the older Vahki-designation terms, see entries bord-akh, rorz-akh, vorz-akh, zad-akh) - FD: MN#3] nuva |adj.cmpd.| new, brand new, original, unique [nuva < nui-ava, from nui “great, significant” and ava “revealed, (newly) discovered” (variant of avu, see entry)] nyn |n.| hidden/secret one(s) [nyn < ny-ān, from ny “hidden, unseen, secret” (variant of nua, see entry) and ān “being, individual”] nynrah |n.cmpd.| lit. “wilderness of the hidden/secret ones” [nynrah < nyn-rahī, from nyn “hidden/secret one(s)” and an archaic usage of the complex ra-hī “wild place, wilderness” (ra “wild(ness), untamed” and the particle hī “thing, object, place”)] -O- o |pro.| I [1st pers. sg., subject form - FD: LM#7]† oa |pro.| you [2nd pers. sg., subject form - FD: LM#7]† oa-nā |pro.| you all [2nd pers. pl., subject form - FD: LM#7]† odina |n.cmpd.| hidden southern place [odina < odī-nua, from odī, a reduced variant of udui “south” (see entry), and nua “hidden, unseen, secret”] oduh-ya |v.| to walk, travel on foot [From oduh “leg” (variant of udui, see entry) and the verbal particle ya] ōhnorak |n.cmpd.| mimicking/impersonating menace; lit. “scourge of mimicry” [ōhnorak < ōhno-rak, from ōhno “mimicry, impersonation” (variant of auhno, see entry) and rak “menace, scourge”] -oki |p.| in, on, at; during (basic locative particle) [Variant form: ki/ke...o (splitting+displacement) - FD: LM#8] okoth |adj.cmpd.| adventurous, tenacious, exploratory; lit. “will of (a) diving-bird” [okoth < ukua-ath, from ukua “diving-bird” and ath “mind, will” (a heavily reduced form of atu, see entry). Variant forms: okotu, ukot, ukuatu] olisi |n.cmpd.| (Kanohi-) possible available courses/pathways [olisi < ol-isi, from the stem ol “door, gate, opening; available course/pathway” and isi “possible; possibility” - FD: MN#1] olmak |n.cmpd.| (Kanohi-) powerful control of doors/gateways (dimensional gates) [olmak < ol-ma-ak, from the stem ol “door, gate, opening; available course/pathway”, ma(t) “mastery, control”, and the intensive particle -ak. Variant form: olmatak - FD: MN#1] olo |n.| door, entrance, gateway [olo < ol-ō, from the stem ol “door, gate, opening; available course/pathway” and the nounal particle ō - FD: MN#1] o-nā |pro.| we [1st pers. pl., subject form - FD: LM#7]† one |adj.| firm, steadfast; earthy, foundational [one < onew, from the u-modified elemental stem onew “elemental earth; firm, steadfast; earthy” (variant of onuw, see entry)] onepu |n.cmpd.| firm/steadfast friend [onepu < one-pu, from one “firm, steadfast; earthy, foundational” and pu “friend, ally”. Variant form: onupu] onewa |n.cmpd.| firm/steadfast foundation [onewa < one-wa, from one “firm, steadfast; earthy, foundational” and the stem wa “wide, great, large; expanse”] ono |n./stm.| protodermis [Variant form: no]† onoi |n.| body, form [onoi < ono-hī, from ono “protodermis” and the particle hī “thing, object, place”. Variant form: onohi]† onu |n./stm.| elemental earth [onu < onū, from the primeval elemental stem onū “elemental earth”. Variant forms: onu-, nu-, onuw/onew (u-modified, see entry onuw)] onua |n.cmpd.| broad earth [onua < onu-wa, from onu “elemental earth” and the stem wa “wide, great, large; expanse”] onui |adj.| black [onui < onu-ui, from onu “elemental earth” and the adjectival particle ui]† onuw |adj./stm.| elemental earth; firm, steady, steadfast; earthy [Derived from the elemental stem onu “elemental earth” (see entry) via u-modification. Variant form: onew] orde |n.cmpd.| mind, language/communicative faculty; lit. "vessel of words" [orde < or-te, from or "word, unit(s) of communication" (variant of oro, see entry) and te "vessel, contained space"] ori |n.| word; command [ori < or-ī, from oro “word, unit(s) of communication” and the nounal particle ī] orik |n.| command, authority, echelon [orik < ori-ak, from ori “word; command” and the intensive particle -ak. Also see related entry orok. Variant form: oryk] orix |n.| superior command, upper echelon [orix < orik-si, from orik “command, authority” and the comparative adjectival particle si. Variant forms: oryx, -rex] orkahm |adj.| racing along, careening, fluttering [orkahm < o-rakauhi-m, an adjective grammaticalized from the nounal complex o-rakauhi-m, from the split-particle amu (o...m) “through, by, via (transitional-instrumental)” and rakauhi “wild bird”. Variant form: orkan (with alternate o...n particle-split, see entry -amu)] oro |n.| word; unit(s) of communication [etymology uncertain. Variant forms: ro, or] oro-ha |v.| to communicate [From oro “word, unit(s) of communication” and the verbal particle ha]† orok |n.| order, directive, command [orok < oro-ak, from oro “word” and the intensive particle -ak. Also see related entry orik] oropi |n.| word-creature, speaker [oropi < oro-pi, from oro “word, unit of communication” and pi “agent, perpetrator; creature”] otilin |adv./adj.| steadily, soundly; structured, structurally sound [otilin < o-ti-la-n, an adverb/adjective grammaticalized from the nounal complex o-ti-la-n, from ti “space, area”, the particle -la “good, excellent”, and a heavily reduced form of the split-particle -amu (o...n) ”through, by (transitional-instrumental)”] -P- pahrak |n.| stone-designation Bohrok [FD: MN#2] paka |n.| strength; lit. “power of stone” [paka < pa-ka, from pa “elemental stone” (variant of po, see entry) and ka “power, force, ability”] pakari |vn.cmpd.| strength, durability; lit. “exerting power of stone” [pakari < pa-akari, from pa “elemental stone” (variant of po, see entry) and akari “exertion, resistance”] pakastā |n.cmpd.| harsh weather/the elements; lit. “scattering/consuming strength” [pakastā < paka-stā, from paka “strength” and the stem stā (< sā-ta) “scattering, consuming, driving out”] pala |n.| good/quality stone [pala < pa-la, from pa “elemental stone” (variant of po, see entry) and the modifying particle -la “good, excellent”] panur |n./stm.| shattering, breaking, fragmentation [panur < pa-nu-ūr, from pa “elemental stone” (variant of po, see entry), nu “elemental earth” (variant of onu, see entry), and the particle ūr(u) “un-, negative, not” - FD: MN#1] panrahk |n.cmpd.| lit. “shattering wild thing; shatterer” [panrahk < panur-rahk, from panur “shattering, breaking, fragmentation” and rahk “wild/untamable thing” - FD: MN#1] papa |adj.| extremely hard, stony [From an intensivizing reduplication of pa “elemental stone” (variant of po, see entry)] par |adj./stm.cmpd.| strong, stolid, robust; strengthened, made strong; lit. “application of strength” [par < po-ār, from po “elemental stone” and the particle ār “applied, application of; applied against, resistance, hindering”. Variant forms: para, pra] parakrekks |n.cmpd.| (Rahi-) lit. “strengthened/robust, extremely resistant force” [parakrekks < para-krekka-s, from para “strong, stolid, robust; strengthened, made strong” (variant of par, see entry), krekka “extremely resistant force”, and the Rahi-designation affix -s - FD: MN#4] pavohi |n.| lightstone [pavohi < pā-avo-hī, from pa “elemental stone”, avo “elemental light”, and the particle hī "thing, object, place"]† pe |stm.| carve, chip; carving, sculpting, paring down [pe < peu < pau, derived from the elemental stem po “elemental stone” (see entry) via u-modification] pehiki |n.cmpd.| small unit; lit. “carving-measurement” [pehiki < pe-hiki, from the stem pe “carve, chip; carving, sculpting, paring down” and hiki¹ “piece/part/portion of something; measurement”. Originates as a stone-crafting term designating a (generally small) amount of material to be removed from a sculpture] pehkui |adj.| (Kanohi-) miniature, diminished [pehkui < pehiki-ui, from pehiki “small unit” and the adjectival particle ui] peke |n.| carving; carver [An agentive variant of pekeke “shard, fragment, pebble” (see entry peki)] peki |n.| shard, fragment, pebble; lit. “piece of carving” [peki < pe-kī, from the stem pe “carve, chip; carving, sculpting, paring down” and the particle kī “part, piece, portion of”. Also found in an intensivized form pekiki, pekeke] pekka |n.| avalanche, rockslide [pekka < pekiki-ha, an independent lexicalization of the nounal complex pekiki-ha, from pekiki “many stones/pebbles” (intensivized variant of peki, see entry) and the particle ha “from, out of (origin)”] peli |adj.| carven, sculpted [peli < pe-li, from the stem pe “carve, chip; carving, sculpting, paring down” and the primeval modifying particle li] pelagia |adj.cmpd.| carved/sculpted by waves [pelagia < peli-agiya, from peli “carven, sculpted” and agi-ya “to wash over, immerse”] pen |n.| carver [pen < pe-ān, from the stem pe “carve, chip; carving, sculpting, paring down” and ān “being, individual”] pena |n.| (a) quarry; lit. “many carvings” [pena < pe-nā, from the stem pe “carve, chip; carving, sculpting, paring down” and the plural particle nā] pi |p.| agent, perpetrator; creature [etymology irrational] piatra |n.| lit. “echo of carving” [piatra < pe-atra, from the stem pe “carve, chip; carving, sculpting, paring down” and atra “echo, resonance” (variant of artra, see entry). Variant form: peatra] pin |n.| subject, target; lit. “agent-being” [pin < pi-ān, from pi “agent, perpetrator; creature” and ān “being, individual”. Variant form: pain] piraka |n.cmpd.| criminal, wrongdoer; (obscenity) thief/murderer [piraka < pi-iraka, from the particle pi “agent, perpetrator; creature” and iraka “wrongdoing, crime; murder”] piriahi |n.| experiment [piriahi < piri-ya-hī, from piri-ya “to manipulate” and the particle hī “thing, object, place”] piri-ya |v.| to manipulate [piri-ya < pi-rī-ya, from pi “agent, perpetrator, creature”, rī, a reduction of rui “oriented toward” (rui < ru-ui) and the verbal particle ya, yielding a sense of “actively orienting/re-orienting”] piruk |n.| skilled scout/agent [piruk < pi-ru-ak, from the particle pi “agent, perpetrator; creature”, ru “orientation; oriented toward; intention”, and the intensive particle -ak] po |n./stm.| elemental stone [po < pā, from the primeval elemental stem pā “elemental stone”. Variant forms: po-, pa, poh, pe (< pau, u-modified, see entry)] podu |n.| stone outcropping, pinnacle, spire [podu < po-du, from po “elemental stone” and du “extension, scope, reach; influence”] pohatu |n.cmpd.| 1. will of stone; 2. protecting will of stone [multi. potential etymologies; one proposed etymology is pohatu < poh-atu, from poh (variant of po, see entry) “elemental stone” and atu “mind, will”; another proposed etymology is pohatu < po-ha-atu, from po “elemental stone”, ha “protection, peace/calm, safety, systems-normal”, and atu “mind, will”] poi |adj.| brown [poi < po-ui from po “elemental stone” and the adjectival particle ui. Variant form: paui]† pokawi |n.cmpd.| (Rahi-) lit. “flight of/like stone” [pokawi < po-akawi, from po “elemental stone” and akawi “flying, soaring; moving freely”. Applied to the pokawi Rahi-bird, in reference to its flightlessness] pouks |n.| stone-dweller [pouks < po-oki-s, from po “elemental stone”, the particle oki “in/on/at; during (basic locative)”, and the affix -s, usually reserved for Rahi-designations] prida |n.| governance, rule, strong authority; lit. “applying strength toward order” [prida < pra-īda, from the stem-compound pra “lit. ‘application of strength’” (variant of par, see entry) and the nounal complex ī-da “toward order”. Variant form: praida] pridak |n.| great ruler, governor [pridak < prida-ak, from prida “governance, rule, strong authority” and the intensive affix -ak. Variant form: praidak] pu |n.| friend, ally [etymology uncertain; possibly a modification of the elemental stem po “elemental stone”. Variant form: pew] puku |n.| amiable friend [puku < pu-kau, from pu “friend, ally” and kau “free-flowing, unhindered” (see entry). Variant form: pewku] -------------------- Key: |adj.| - Adjective |adj.cmpd.| - Adjective Compound |adv.| - Adverb |aff.| - Affix |n.| - Noun |n.cmpd.| - Noun Compound |p.| - Particle |p.cmpd.| - Particle Compound |pro.| - Pronoun |stm.| - Stem |v.| - Verb |vn.| - Verbal Noun |vn.cmpd.| - Verbal Noun Compound Some entries are marked with FD “Further Discussion”, followed by a reference to a blog entry containing more explanatory content related to that etymology. The references are as follows: NM - “Nameless Masks” MN#1-X... - “Meaningless Names #1-X...” LM#1-X - “Learning Matoran, Lesson 1-X...”

A Matoran Dictionary 2nd Edition VOLUME IV :: L-M -L- -la |p.| good, excellent (modifying particle) [etymology uncertain; possibly la < li-hā, from the primeval modifying particle li and the stem hā “protection, peace/calm, systems-normal”] lari |adj.| refined, perfectionistic; lit. “oriented toward excellence” [lari < la-rī, from the particle la “good, excellent” and rī, a reduction of rui “oriented toward” (< ru-ui)] lariska |n.cmpd.| powerful refined-creature/perfectionist [lariska < lari-s-ka, from lari “refined, perfectionistic”, the Rahi-designation affix -s, and ka “power(ful), force, ability”] la-ya |v.| to be good/kind [From the particle -la “good, excellent” and the verbal particle ya] lawa |n.| boat, floating vessel [etymology uncertain] le |n./stm.| elemental air [le < lē, from the primeval elemental stem lē “elemental air”. Variant forms: le-, leu (u-modified, see entry leu)] lehvak |n.| air-designation Bohrok [FD: MN#2] lekha |vn.| interaction, conversing; hearing+speech [lekha < leu-ha, nominalized from the verbal complex leu-ha (see entry lu-ha). Variant forms: lukha, also found affixed as -lek] ler |n.| toxicity, poison [ler < lē-ūr, from le “elemental air” and the particle ūr(u) “un-, negative, not”. Variant form: lūr - FD: MN#1] lerahk |n.cmpd.| lit. “poisonous wild thing; poisoner” [lerahk < ler-rahk, from ler “toxicity, poison” and rahk “wild/untamable thing” - FD: MN#1] leru |adj.| acidic, toxic [leru < lēr-u, from the stem lēr “noxious, toxic; poison(ous)” and the adjectival particle u]† leso |adj.| wandering; lit. “scattering wind” [leso < le-sā, from le “elemental air” and sā “scattering, consuming” (with final ā > ō vowel shift)] lesovikk |n.cmpd.| wandering judge [lesovikk < leso-vikk, from leso “wandering” and vikk, an extreme reduction of vahki “judge, law-keeper” (earlier vahiki > vaiki > vīk, vikk)] leu |n./stm.| elemental air; listening/hearing/speaking [Derived from the elemental stem le “elemental air” (see entry) via u-modification. Variant form: lu] leva |n.cmpd.| weather, weather-cycle [leva < le-vā, from le “elemental air” and vā “time; timeline, progression, schedule, cycle”] lewa |n.cmpd.| open air [lewa < le-wa, from le “elemental air” and wa “wide, great, large”] le-ya |v.| to hear; to receive [From the u-modified elemental stem leu “elemental air; listening/hearing/speaking” and the verbal particle ya. Variant form: lu-ya]† lhī |adj.| virtuous, good, noble; fulfilling-duty/function [etymology uncertain; possibly an extreme reduction lhī < l’hui < li-hā-ui, from the primeval modifying particles li and ui (analogous to u/l-modified elemental stems, perhaps split from an even earlier particle -uil, -ol) and the stem hā “protection, peace/calm, systems-normal”, yielding a meaning of “functioning well/normally; performing one’s function”] lhika |n.| integrity, uprightness; lit. “power/ability of fulfilling-duty” [lhika < lhī-ka, from lhī “virtuous, good, noble” and ka “power, force, ability”] lhikan |n.| upright one, duty-bound hero [lhikan < lhika-ān, from lhika “integrity, uprightness” and ān “being, individual”] lho |n.| duty; function, assigned purpose [lho < lhī-ō, from lhī “fulfilling-duty/function” and the nounal particle ō]† lohi |n.| cry, screech, scream [lohi < leu-hī, from the u-modified elemental stem leu “elemental air; listening/hearing/speaking” and the particle hī “thing, object, place”] lohrak |n.cmpd.| screeching menace [lohrak < lohi-rak, from lohi “cry, screech, scream” and rak “menace, scourge”] lu-ha |v.| to interact, interface with; to converse [From the u-modified elemental stem leu “elemental air; listening/hearing/speaking” and the verbal particle ha]† lui |adj.| green [lui < le-ui, from le “elemental air” and the adjectival particle ui. Variant forms: leui, leo]† lumi |n.| greater insight; lit. “increasing perception” [lumi < lu-mi, from the u-modified elemental stem leu “elemental air; listening/hearing/speaking” and mi “up, upward, rising”] -M- -ma |p.| verbal particle madu |n.| tree; spire, tower; lit. “extending upward” [madu < mai-du, from mai “up, upward, above” (variant of mi, see entry) and the particle du “extension, scope, reach; influence”. Variant forms: maidu, midu] madumei |n.cmpd.| canopy; lit. “tree-head” [madumei < madu-mehi, from madu “tree” and mehi “head”]† maglya |vn.| succeeding, advancing; lit. “mastering power/force/ability” [maglya < makal-ya, from the verbal complex makal-ya “to succeed, advance, master/learn (a) skill”. Variant form: amagli] ma-ha |v.| to ascend/descend, move vertically [From mai “up, upward, above” (variant of mi, see entry) and the verbal particle ha. Variant form: mai-ha]† mahi |n.| Rahi cattle, beast of burden, lit. “controlled-thing” [mahi < ma(t)-hī, from ma(t) “mastery, control” and the particle hī “thing, object, place”] mahiki |n.cmpd.| (Kanohi-) mastery of deception; deception-master [mahiki < ma-hiki, from ma(t) “mastery, control” and hiki2 “trickery, deception”] mahri |n.| ocean, depths; descent/ascent (through water); lit. “violent ascent/descent” [mahri < maha-rī, from ma-ha “to ascend/descend” and rī “wild, uncontrolled, violent” (< ra-ui). Variant forms: mahari, maihri, mahrui] mahri-nui |n.cmpd.| great ocean/depths [From mahri “ocean, depths; descent/ascent” and nui “great, significant”] maiduno |n.cmpd.| east (cardinal direction) [maiduno < maidui-no, from maidui “arm” (variant of midui, see entry) and ono “protodermis”. This term patterns traditionally with terms for cardinal directions in that such terms appear to be derived from parts of the body (see entries meno, midouno, uduno). Variant form: meduno]† maka |n.| power distributor; lit. “mastery of power” [maka < ma-ka, from ma(t) “mastery, control” and ka “power, force, energy”. Variant form: maca] makal-ya |v.| to succeed, advance, master/learn (a) skill [makal-ya < ma-kal-ya, from ma(t) “mastery, control”, the modified stem kal “power, force, ability”, and the verbal particle ya] makani |n.| shooting star, comet; lit. “star of/with flying power” [makani < mai-ka-ini, from mai “up, upward, above” (variant of mi, see entry), ka “power, force, ability”, and ini “star”] makika, n .cmpd. (Rahi-) croaker, one who croaks; lit. “master of croaking” [makika < ma-kika, from ma(t) “mastery, control” and kika “croaking”] mako |n.| lock, bond; lit. “control of freedom” [mako < ma-kua, from ma(t) “mastery, control” and kua “freedom, independence” (see entry] makoki |n.| (archaic) key; lit. “piece/part of a lock” [makoki < mako-kī, from mako “lock, bond; lit. ‘control of freedom’” and the particle kī “part, piece, portion of”] maku |n.| light-heartedness, optimism; lit. “upward-sight, looking-up” [maku < māku < mai-aku, from mai “up, upward, above” (variant of mi, see entry) and aku “sight, vision”. Variant forms: macku, maiaku, mēku] makuta¹ |n.cmpd.| 1. master of knowledge; 2. higher knowledge [mult. potential etymologies; one proposed etymology is makuta < ma-akuta, from ma(t) “mastery, control” and akuta “knowledge”; another proposed etymology is makuta < mai-akuta, from mai “up, upward, above” (variant of mi, see entry) and akuta “knowledge”] makuta² |n.cmpd.| master of lesser-spirits [makuta < ma-kuta, from ma(t) “mastery, control” and (u)kuta “lesser spirit, being of lesser rank”. Largely a scholarly term, indicating the hierarchical rank of the Makuta in relation to other beings] mamru |n.| crane/lift-operator, lit. “mastery of suspension” [mamru < ma-mi-ru, from ma(t) “mastery, control”, mi “up, upward, above”, and the particle ru “orientation; oriented toward; intention”] mana |n.| servant, slave; enslavement; lit. “much control” [mana < ma-nā, from ma(t) “master, control” and the plural particle nā] mana-ko |n.cmpd.| silent slave [From mana “servant, slave; enslavement” and ko “elemental ice; silence, stillness”] manas |n.| monster, servant of evil; lit. “enslaved spawn” [manas < mana-s, from mana “servant, slave; enslavement” and the Rahi-designation suffix -s] mangai |n.| elite protector [mangai < ma-hā-ngai, from ma(t) “mastery, control”, hā “protection; peace/calm, safety, systems-normal”, and ngai “elite”. Variant form: mahangai] mangaia |n.| under-Mangai [mangaia < mangai-au, from mangai (used as a placename, see entry) and the stem au “under, lower, below” (variant of uw, see entry)] mantax |n.| conqueror, subjugator; lit. “spirit of greater-enslavement” [mantax < mana-ta-ak-si, from mana “servant, slave; enslavement”, ta “elemental fire; spirit, being, essence”, the intensive particle -ak, and the comparative adjectival particle si] manu |adj.| enslaved, chained [manu < mana-u, from mana “servant, slave; enslavement” and the adjectival particle u] manutri |n.cmpd.| (Rahi-) lit. “chained wings” [manutri < manu-tiri, from manu “enslaved, chained” and tiri “wing, flat appendage”. Applied to the common aquatic species of Rahi-bird, referencing their flightlessness] marka |n.| swimming, treading water [marka < marī-kau, from marī “arm(s)” (a reduced variant of mirui) and kau “free-flowing, breathing” (see entry)] ma(t) |n./stm.| mastery, control; master [etymology uncertain; undoubtedly related to the coeval stems me(t) “upper-part, head; primary system” and atu “mind, will”, as well as the stem mi “up, upward, above” (see entries). Variant form: ma] mata |n.| master of spirits; master-spirit [mata < ma-ta, from ma(t) “mastery, control; master” and ta “elemental fire; spirit, being, essence”] mata-nui |n.cmpd.| great master of spirit; great master-spirit [From mata “master of spirit; master spirit” and nui “great, significant”] matatu |n.cmpd.| (Kanohi-) mastery of will(power) [matatu < mat-atu, from ma(t) “mastery, control” and atu “mind, will”] matau |n.| (high-)elevation, altitude; lit. “result/essence of upward-movement” [matau < mai-tau, from mai “up, upward, above” (variant of mi, see entry) and the u-modified elemental stem tau “elemental fire; spirit/essence, result-of-process”] matoro |n.| mastery of words, word-master [matoro < mat-oro, from ma(t) “mastery, control; master” and oro “word(s)”] matoran |n.| speakers; lit. “word-master-beings; those who use words” [matoran < matoro-ān, from matoro “word-master” and ān “being, individual”] mat-ya |v.| to master, use [From ma(t) “mastery, control; master” and the verbal particle ya]† mavrah |n.cmpd.| lit. “master of revealed/discovered Rahi” [mavrah < ma-avu-rahi, from ma(t) “mastery, control”, avu “revealed, (newly) discovered”, and rahi “beast, wild thing”] maxi |n.| enforcement, pacification; lit. “more intensive control” [maxi < ma-ak-si, from ma(t) “mastery, control”, the intensive particle ak, and the comparative adjectival particle si] maxilos |n.cmpd.| peacekeeper, security-unit; lit. “unit with enforcement/pacification function” [maxilos < maxi-lo-s, from maxi “enforcement, pacification, peacekeeping”, lo (< lho) “duty, function”, and the affix -s, usually reserved for Rahi-designations] mazeka |n.cmpd.| powerful spy/infiltrator [mazeka < maze-ka, from maze “spy, infiltrator” (variant of mazi, see entry) and ka “power(ful), force, ability”] mazi |n.| spy, infiltrator [mazi < ma-zī, from ma(t) “mastery, control” and the stem zī (zai, zē) “strategy, planning, scheming”. Variant form: maze] mehi |n.| head; skull [mehi < me-hī, from me(t) “head; mind” and the particle hī “thing, object, place”. Variant form: mei]† mehirui |n.cmpd.| neck; lit. "head-joint" [mehirui < mehi-rui, from mehi “head; skull” and rui “joint”. Variant form: meirui]† meno |n.| north (cardinal direction) [meno < me-no, from me(t) “head; mind” and no (also ono) “protodermis”. This term patterns traditionally with terms for cardinal directions in that such terms appear to be derived from parts of the body (see entries maiduno, midouno, uduno)]† me(t) |n./stm.| upper-part, head; primary system [etymology uncertain; undoubtedly related to the coeval stems ma(t) “mastery, control” and atu “mind, will”, as well as the stem mi “up, upward, above” (see entries)] meto |n.| mind-brain, mental system [meto < met-ō, from me(t) “head; mind” and the nounal particle ō]† metu |adj.| mental, of the mind [metu < met-u, from me(t) “head; mind” and the adjectival particle u]† metru |n.| city; lit. “oriented toward the head” [metru < met-ru, from the stem me(t) “head; mind” and the particle ru “orientation, intention; oriented toward”. The application of this term to the city of Metru Nui is unclear, although it may pattern along with terms for cardinal directions, which appear to be derived from parts of the body (see entries maiduno, midouno, meno, uduno)] metru-nui |n.cmpd.| great city [From metru “city” and nui “great, significant”] mi |adv.| up, upward, above [mi < mī. Variant forms: mai, mē] midak |n.| lit. “fervently reaching upward” [midak < mid’ak < mi-du-ak, from mi “up, upward, above”, the stem du “extension, scope, reach; influence”, and the intensive particle -ak] midouno |n.cmpd.| west (cardinal direction) [midouno < midui-ono, from midui “arm” and ono “protodermis”. This term patterns traditionally with terms for cardinal directions in that such terms appear to be derived from parts of the body (see entries maiduno, meno, uduno). Variant form: midono]† midui |n.| arm; lit. “upper-limb” [midui < mi-dui, from mi “up, upward, above” and dui “limb, appendage; extension”. Variant forms: medui, maidui]† midurui |n.cmpd.| shoulder; lit. “arm-joint” [midurui < midui-rui, from midui “arm” and rui “joint”]† mi-ma |v.| to rise, levitate [From the stem mi “up, upward, above” and the verbal particle ma. Variant forms: mai-ma, mē-ma]† miru |n.| (Kanohi-) levitation, floating; lit. “upward orientation” [miru < mi-ru, from mi “up, upward, above” and the particle ru “orientation; oriented toward; intention”] misi |adj.| unknown, indistinct; misty, hazy [misi < me-isi, from me(t) “head; mind” and isi “possibility; possible”, yielding a sense of “possible thoughts, unknown thoughts”. Variant forms: meisi, metisi] miserix |n.cmpd.| 1. (archaic) high-level command of the mind; 2. mysterious/unknown high-level command [miserix < misi-orix, from misi “unknown, indistinct; misty, hazy” and orix “superior command, upper echelon”. Variant forms: miseryx, meserix] miso |n.| mist, fog, haze [miso < misi-ō, from misi “unknown, indistinct; misty, hazy” and the nounal particle ō] mistai |n.| unknown being, stranger, silhouette; lit. “unknown-spirit, spirit of mist” [mistai < misi-tai, from misi “unknown, indistinct; misty, hazy” and tai (also tī) “spirit, being, essence”. Variant forms: misti, misitai] mistika |n.cmpd.| powerful unknown spirit, spirit of mist [mistika < misti-ka, from misti “stranger, silhouette” (variant of mistai, see entry) and ka “power(ful), force, ability”. Variant form: mistaika] mo |n.| plains, broad expanse of land [mo < mō < no-wa, from no (also ono) “protodermis” and the primeval stem wa “wide, great, large” (with final ā > ō vowel shift), yielding a sense of “expanse of protodermis”] moa |n.| desert bird; lit. “from the plains; plains-dweller” [moa < mo-kha < moha, from mo “plains, broad expanse of land” and an extreme reduction of the origin particle ha] mohi |n.| (an) alternate, variant [mohi < mou-hī, from mou “change, variation, difference” (variant of mu(t)) and the particle hī “thing, object, place”] mohtrek |n.cmpd.| (Kanohi-) time-duplication; lit. “guide of alternate(-versions)” [mohtrek < mohi-trē-ak, from mohi “(an) alternate, variant”, the stem trē (< tēr) “guidance, guiding-force”, and the intensive particle -ak] mora |adj.| moody, tempermental [mora < mou-ra, from mou “change, variation, difference” (variant of mu(t)) and ra “wild(ness), untamed”] morak |n.| very tempermental [morak < mora-ak, from mora “moody, tempermental” and the intensive particle -ak] morbuzakh |n.cmpd.| treacherous sentient plant [morbuzakh < mor-bo-u-zakh, from mor “word-usage, sentience”, bo “elemental plant-life”, the adjectival particle u, and the adjectival stem zakh “treacherous”] motara |n.cmpd.| desert, wilderness; hot, barren region [motara < mo-ta-ra, from mo “plains, broad expanse of land”, ta “elemental fire”, and ra “wild(ness), untamed”, yielding a sense of “hot, untamed expanse of land”] mua |n.| Rahi cat/feline [etymology uncertain] muaka |n.cmpd.| powerful Rahi-cat [muaka < mua-ka, from mua “Rahi cat/feline” and ka “power, force, ability”] mukau |n.cmpd.| Rahi-bovine; lit. “mu-breath” [mukau < mu-kau, from an onomatopoeic coinage mu (in imitation of the lowing of bovinous Rahi) and the stem kau “free-flowing, unhindered; breathing”] mutra |adj.| erratic, volatile, unpredictable, eccentric; lit. “wildly changing” [mutra < mut-ra, from the stem mu(t) “change, variation, difference” and ra “wild(ness), untamed”] mutran |n.| eccentric being, maverick; lit. “one who changes wildly” [mutran < mutra-ān, from mutra “erratic, volatile, unpredictable, eccentric” and ān “being”] mutatu |n.cmpd.| (Kanohi-) charisma; lit. “change-mind/will” [mutatu < mut-atu, from mu(t) “change, variation, difference” and atu “mind, will” - FD: NM]† mutru |n.| lit. “oriented toward change; process of mutation” [mutru < mut-ru, from mu(t) “change, variation, difference” and ru “orientation; intention; oriented toward” - FD: NM]† mutu |adj.| different, unlike [mutu < mut-u, from mu(t) “change, variation, difference” and the adjectival particle u - FD: NM]† mutuku |n.| emulation; lit. “not-different” [mutuku < mutu-ku, from mutu “different, unlike” and the negative particle -ku - FD: NM]† -------------------- Key: |adj.| - Adjective |adj.cmpd.| - Adjective Compound |adv.| - Adverb |aff.| - Affix |n.| - Noun |n.cmpd.| - Noun Compound |p.| - Particle |p.cmpd.| - Particle Compound |pro.| - Pronoun |stm.| - Stem |v.| - Verb |vn.| - Verbal Noun |vn.cmpd.| - Verbal Noun Compound Some entries are marked with FD “Further Discussion”, followed by a reference to a blog entry containing more explanatory content related to that etymology. The references are as follows: NM - “Nameless Masks” MN#1-X... - “Meaningless Names #1-X...” LM#1-X - “Learning Matoran, Lesson 1-X...”

A Matoran Dictionary 2nd Edition VOLUME III :: K -K- ka |n./stm.| (non-elemental) power, force, energy; ability, (creative) potential [ka < kā. Variant form: ca] kabolo |n.| fruit of power [kabolo < ka-bolo, from ka “power, force, ability” and bolo “fruit”. Variant form: cabolo] kadin |n.cmpd.| (Kanohi-) flight; lit. “power of high-space” [kadin < ka-ti-ini, from ka “power, force, ability”, the stem ti “space, area” (variant of te, see entry), and ini “star(s); height”] kahgai |adj.| elite, powerful; lit. “immersed in power” [kahgai < kahi-agai, from kahi “power/energy thing” and the modified verbal stem agai “elemental water; washing, immersion” (see entry ga)] kahgarak |n.cmpd.| elite/powerful menace [kahgarak < kahgai-rak, from kahgai “elite, powerful” and rak “menace, scourge”] kahu |n.| Rahi-bird species (gukko-subspecies) [kahu < kau-huw, from kau “free-flowing, unhindered; flying” and huw “activity, sport”] kai¹ |n.| skill, ability [kai < ka-ī, from ka “power, force, ability” and the nounal particle ī] kai² |n.| unity; lit. “unified/combined power, force, ability” [kai < ka-yi, from ka “power, force, ability” and yi “together, combined”. Variant form: ky] kailani |n.| prowess, expertise, high-skill [kailani < kai-la-nī, from kai “skill, ability” (see entry), the particle la “good, excellent”, and the particle nī, a reduction of nui “great”] kaita |n.| spirit of unified/combined power [kaita < kayi-ta, from kayi “unified/combined power” and ta “elemental fire; spirit, being, essence”] kaj |n.| excavation, quarrying [kaj < ka-ji, from ka “power, force, ability” and the stem ji “empty/emptied space”] kakama |n.| (Kanohi-) speed; lit. “movement-of-movement” [kakama < ka-kama, from an intensivizing reduplication of the verbal complex ka-ma “to move”] kal¹ |n./stm.| action, capability [stem l-modified from ka “power, force, ability” (see entry)] kal² |n.| seeking power; lit. “detecting/finding/sensing power” [kal < ka-el, from ka “power, force, ability” and el “seeking/searching; detection, sense” - FD: MN#2] kalama |n.cmpd.| highly skilled/capable one; lit. “master of excellent ability” [kalama < ka-la-ma, from ka “power, force, ability”, the modifying particle -la “good, excellent”, and ma(t) “mastery, control”] kali |n.| ability, capability [kali < kal-ī, from kal¹ “power, force, ability” and the nounal particle ī. Variant form: cali] kalix |n.cmpd.| (Kanohi-) greater capability [kalix < kali-ak-si, from kali “ability, capability”, the intensive particle -ak, and the comparative adjectival particle si. Variant form: calix] kal-ma |v.| to act, lead, initiate [From the modified stem kal¹ “power, force, ability” and the verbal particle ma] kalmah |n.| leader, forerunner, figurehead; lit. “thing that acts/is able” [kalmah < kalma-hī, from the verbal complex kal-ma “to act, lead, initiate” and the particle hī “thing, object, place”] ka-ma |v.| to move [From ka “power, force, ability” and the verbal particle ma] kame |n.| finesse, increasing skill/ability [kame < ka-me, from ka “power, skill, ability” and mē “up, upward, rising” (variant of mi, see entry)] kamen |n.| apprentice, learner; lit. “one who increases in skill/ability” [kame-ān, from kame “finesse, increasing skill/ability” and ān “being, individual”] kanae |n.| harshly proliferating [kanae < ki-anae, from the stem ki “sharpness, harshness, biting” (variant of khi) and anae “multiplying, proliferation”. Largely a Le-Matoran dialectal term, applied to large bodies of water, in reference to choppy (“harsh”) waves] kane |n.| Rahi-bull [etymology uncertain] kane-ra |n.cmpd.| (Rahi-) lit. “wild bull” [From kane “Rahi-bull” and ra “wild(ness), untamed”] kano |n.| forged mask of power [kano < kanohi, a reduced form of older kanohi “mask of power” (see entry), also found further reduced as an affix -kan(o)] kanohi |n.cmpd.| mask of power [kanohi < ka-nohi, from ka "power, force, ability" and nohi “face; mask”] kanoka |n.cmpd.| disk of power [kanoka < ka-noka, from ka "power, force, ability" and noka “disk; powerful protodermic object”] kantai |n.cmpd.| power of enlightenment [kantai < ka-antai, from ka “power, force, ability” and antai “enlightenment”] kao |n.| power, energy [kao < ka-ō, from ka “power, force, ability” and the nounal particle ō. Variant forms: kō, cō] kapura |n.cmpd.| wise and powerful friend [kapura < ka-pu-rua, from ka “power(ful), force, ability”, pu “friend, ally”, and rua “contemplation, stillness, wisdom”] kar |n./stm.cmpd.| 1. (archaic) application of power/energy; 2. (modern) application of power against (something), repulsion, rejection, subjugation; 3. (modern) resistance, resisting/repulsing; shell, barrier [kar < ka-ār, from ka “power, force, ability” and the particle ār “applied, application of; applied against, resistance, hindering”. Variant forms: kara, cara, kera, kra, kre - FD: MN#4] karapar |n.cmpd.| stubbornness; lit. “strong/robust resistance (shell)” [karapar < kara-par, from the stem-compound kara “resistance, resisting/repulsing; shell, barrier” (variant of kar, see entry) and the stem-compound par “strong, stolid, robust; strengthened, made strong”. Variant form: carapar - FD: MN#4] karda |n.| heart, core, engine; lit. “ordered/rhythmic application of power” [karda < kar-da, from the stem-compound kar “application of power/energy” and da “authority; order”] karda-nui |n.cmpd.| great heart/engine [From karda “heart, core, engine” and nui “great, significant”] kardas |n.| (Rahi-) lit. “engine-Rahi” [kardas < karda-s, from karda “heart, core, engine” and the Rahi-designation affix -s] kar-ya |v.| to exert, apply power/force [From the stem-compound kar “application of power/energy” and the verbal particle ya]† karzahni |n.cmpd.| 1. (archaic) lit. “one who applies power according to plan/strategy”; 2. (modern) anomaly, enemy, error; lit. “one who rejects plan/strategy” [karzahni < kar-zahi-ni, from the stem-compound kar “application of power/energy” (see entry), zahi “plan, schematic, strategy”, and the particle ni “one who...” - FD: MN#4] kau 1. |n./stm.| breath; breathing; 2. |adj.| free-flowing, unhindered; flying [etymology uncertain; possibly kau < k-wa-u, from the split-particle (u)ku (k...u) “middle, in the midst of” and the stem wa “wide, great, large”, yielding an original sense of “out/in the middle of wide/open space”. Variant forms: ko, ku, ka] kaukau |n.| (Kanohi-) water-breathing; lit. “breath-of-breath” [From an intensivizing reduplication of kau “breath; breathing” (see entry)] kau-ya |v.| to move freely, fly, swim [From kau “free-flowing, unhindered” (see entry) and the verbal particle ya] kava |adj.| rapid, rushing, breathless; lit. “time of (a) breath” [kava < kau-vā, from kau “free-flowing, breathing” and vā “time”] kavinika |n.cmpd.| Rahi-canine [kavinika < kava-ini-kau, from kava “rapid, rushing, breathless”, ini “star(s)” and kau “free-flowing; breathing; howling” (see entry), yielding a sense of “breathless star-howler”, in reference to the nocturnal behavior of kavinika] ka-ya |v.| to empower, energize [From ka “power, force, ability” and the verbal particle ya] kazi |n.cmpd.| strategic ability [kazi < ka-zī, from ka “power, force, ability” and zī (zai, zē) “strategy, planning, scheming”] kē |n.| whole(ness); regeneration, restoration [kē < kī-yi, from the particle kī “part, piece, portion of” and yi “together, combined”] kea |n.| Rahi-shark/marine predator [etymology unknown] keahi |n.| tooth, fin; lit. “shark-thing” [keahi < kea-hī, from kea “Rahi-shark” and the particle hī “thing, object, place”] keke |n.| bush, shrub [etymology uncertain; possibly from a reduplication of boki “leaf” (see entry): boki-boki “many leaves” > bokiki > keke] kēlerak |n.cmpd.| shrieking/screaming menace [kēlerak < kē-le-rak, from kē “sharp, biting/gnawing”, le “elemental air”, and rak “menace, scourge”] kērakh |n.cmpd.| harsh-command-Vahki [kērakh < kē-oro-akh, from kē “sharp, biting/gnawing” (variant of khiu, see entry), oro “word, unit of communciation”, and the Vahki-designation affix -akh (reanalyzed from the older Vahki-designation terms, see entries bord-akh, rorz-akh, vorz-akh, zad-akh) - FD: MN#3] keras |n.| Rahi-crab; lit. “shell-spawn” [keras < kera-s, from the stem kera “resistance, resisting/repulsing; shell, barrier” (variant of kar, see entry) and the Rahi-designation suffix -s - FD: MN#4] kēto |n.| healer, lit. “spirit of regeneration” [kēto < kē-tā, from kē “whole(ness); regeneration, restoration” and tā “elemental fire; spirit, being, essence” (with final ā > ō vowel shift)] kētongu |n.cmpd.| lit. “last of healers” [kētongu < kēto-ngu, from kēto “healer” and ngu “last, final; alone”] khiara |n.| chain-lightning; lit. “wild(ly) stabbing” [khiara < khiya-ra, from khi-ya “to cut, stab” and ra “wild(ness), untamed”. Variant form: chiara] khirox |n.| lit. “many more teeth” [khirox < khiru-ak-si, from khiru (variant of kiru, see entry) “tooth, tusk”, the intensive particle -ak, and the comparative adjectival particle si. Variant forms: khirux, chirox] khiu |adj.| sharp, biting/gnawing [khiu < khi-u, from the stem khi “sharpness, harshness, biting” and the adjectival particle u. Variant forms: khu, chiu, kē] khi-ya |v.| to cut, stab [From the stem khi “sharpness, harshness, biting” and the verbal particle ya. Variant form: chi-ya] kī |p.| part, piece, portion (of) kika |n.| (a) croak; croaking [From an onomatopoeic coinage kika, in imitation of the croaking of the makika Rahi-toad (see entry makika)] kikanalo |n.cmpd.| strength in numbers; lit. “group (made up) of powerful parts” [kikanalo < ki-ka-nalo, from the particle kī “part, piece, portion of”, kai “power(ful), force, ability”, and nalo “group, collection, herd”] kini |n.| temple; lit. “great part, significant part” [kini < kī-nī, from the particle kī “part, piece, portion of” and the particle nī, a reduction of nui “great, significant”] kini-nui |n.cmpd.| great temple [From kini “temple” (see entry) and nui “great, significant”] kinloka |n.cmpd.| (Rahi-) powerful biting/gnawing horde [kinloka < ki-nalo-ka, from the stem ki “sharpness, harshness, biting” (variant of khiu, see entry) and nalo “group, collection, herd”, and ka “power(ful), force, ability”. Variant forms: kinaloka, khinloka, khinaloka] kirik |n.| chirp, chirping; chirping insect [From an onomatopoeic coinage kirik, imitating the sound of the kirikori Rahi-insect (see entry kirikori)] kirikori |n.cmpd.| Rahi-insect; lit. “creature communicating with chirps” [kirikori < kirik-or-ī, from kirik “chirp, chirping”, or “word, unit of communciation” (variant of oro, see entry), and the nounal particle ī] kirikori-nui |n.cmpd.| great kirikori [From kirikori “Rahi-insect” and nui “great, significant”] kiril |n.cmpd.| (Kanohi-) regeneration, restoration; lit. “oriented toward wholeness/restoration” [kiril < kē-ril, from kē “whole(ness); regeneration, restoration” and the modified stem ril (< ru-li) “orientation; oriented toward; intention”. Variant form: keril] kiro |adj.| bounded, within an edge/boundary [kiro < ki-rho-o, from the split-particle oki (ki...o) “in/on/at; during (basic locative)” and the stem rho “line, edge, boundary”] kirop |n.| soothing/restorative speaker [kirop < kē-oropi, from kē “whole(ness); regeneration, restoration” and oropi “word-creature, speaker”] kiru |n.| tusk, tooth; jaw [etymology uncertain; possibly kiru < ki-rui from ki “sharp, biting/gnawing” (variant of khiu, see entry) and rui “joint; oriented thing”. Variant forms: khiru, chiru] kivi |n.| detail, facet [kivi < kī-fi, from the particle kī “part, piece, portion of” and fi ”subtle, fine, cunning; web”, yielding a sense of “subtle part”] ko |n./stm.| 1. elemental ice; 2. stillness, silence; clarity, focus; 3. icy, stern [ko < kō, from the primeval elemental stem kō “elemental ice”. Variant forms: ko-, koul/kul/kyl (u/l-modified)] koda |n.| determination, resolve [koda < kau-da, from kau “free-flowing, unhindered; flying” (see entry) and da “authority, order”. Variant form: kauda] kodan |n.| determined one [kodan < koda-ān, from koda “determination, resolve” and ān “being, individual”] kodrex |n.cmpd.| lit. “highest authority/control of power” [kodrex < kō-drex, from kō “power, energy” (variant of kao, see entry) and drex “high command; highest authority” (variant of darex). Variant form: codrex] kofo |adj.| small, little [kofo < kau-fā, from kau “free-flowing, breathing” (see entry) and fā(n) “limit, barrier, restriction; roof/ceiling, sky” (with final ā > ō vowel shift), yielding an original sense of “limit of/restriction on free movement”, eventually shifting toward “small space/range of movement” and repurposed as an adjectival modifier. Variant forms: kofa/kova; -k'fa > -fa, -va (heavily reduced, affixal)] kofo-jaga |n.cmpd.| small Rahi-scorpion [From kofo “small, little”, and jaga “Rahi-scorpion”] kohrak |n.| ice-designation Bohrok [FD: MN#2] koi |adj.| white [koi < ko-ui, from the elemental stem ko “elemental ice” and the adjectival particle ui; Variant form: koui]† kojol |n.cmpd.| icy/stern tactician [kojol < ko-jola, from ko “elemental ice; icy, stern” and jola “excellent strategy” (variant of jala, see entry)] koki |n.| snowflake [koki < ko-kī, from ko “elemental ice” and the particle kī “part, piece, portion of”. Also found in an intensivized form kiki (also kokiki), see entries boki, keke for a parallel development] kokkan |n.| lover of snowflakes; lit. “snowflake-being” [kokkan < kokiki-ān, from kokiki “(many) snowflakes” (intensivized variant of koki, see entry) and ān “being, individual”] kolhii |n.| game of koli [koli-hui, from koli “free-flowing, running; a Matoran sport” and hī, a reduction of hui “sport, game, activity”] koli |adj./n.| free-flowing, running; a Matoran sport [koli < kau-li, from kau “free-flowing, breathing” (see entry) and the primeval modifying particle li] komau |n.| (Kanohi-) mind control [komau < ko-ma-u, from the split-particle uko (ko...u) “outside, external (locative)” and ma(t) “mastery, control” - FD: NM] kongu |n.| solo-flight [kongu < kau-ngu, from kau “free-flowing, breathing; flying” and ngu “last, final; alone”. Variant forms: kaungu, koungu] kopaka |n.cmpd.| strength of ice [kopaka < ko-paka, from ko “elemental ice” and paka “strength”] kopeke |n.cmpd.| 1. ice-carving; carver of ice; 2. silent carver [kopeke < ko-peke, from ko “elemental ice; stillness, silence” and peke “carving; carver”] kopen |n.cmpd.| Rahi-wasp; lit. “flying carver” [kopen < kua-pen, from kua “flying thing” (see entry) and pen “carver”. Variant form: kuapen] kordak |n.cmpd.| desolation, destruction; lit. “powerful repulsion/explosion” [kordak < kardu-ak, from the stem-compound kar “resistance, resisting/repulsing; shell, barrier”, du “extension, scope, reach; influence”, and the intensive particle -ak. Variant form: cordak] koro |n.| village, town, settlement defined by borders [koro < kar-rhō, from the stem-compound kar “resistance, resisting/repulsing; shell, barrier” and the stem rhō “ring, boundary, edge”, yielding a meaning of “edge/boundary of resistance” with reference to the outlying borders of early Matoran settlements, which were frequently delimited by walls or barriers. Variant forms: korro, karo] kotini |n.| glacier [kotini < ko-ti-nī, from ko “elemental ice”, ti “space, area”, and nī, a reduction of nui “great, significant”] kotu |n.| icicle [kotu < ko-tu, from ko “elemental ice” and tu (< du) “extension, scope, reach; influence”] krā |n./stm.| elemental shadow [From the primeval elemental stem krā “elemental shadow”] krāhi |n.| (a) shadow; darkness, gloom [krāhi < krā-hī, from krā “elemental shadow” and the particle hī “thing, object, place”]† krahka |n.cmpd.| (Rahi-) power in shadow/gloom [krahka < krāhi-ka, from krāhi “shadow, gloom” and ka “power, force, ability”] krāhkan |n.cmpd.| (Kanohi-) Mask of Shadows [mult. potential etymologies; one proposed etymology is krāhkan < krā-hiki-ān, from krā “elemental shadow”, hiki¹ “part/piece/portion of (something]; measurement”, and ān “being, individual”, yielding a meaning of “measurement of (one’s) shadow”; another proposed etymology is krāhkan < krāhi-kan(o), from krāhi “(a) shadow; darkness, gloom” and an affixed form of kano “forged mask of power” (see entry), yielding a (somewhat straightforward) meaning of “mask of shadows/darkness”] krāhu |n.| lit. “shadowy activity” [krāhu < krā-huw, from krā “elemental shadow” and huw “activity, sport”] krakua |n.cmpd.| shadow-bird, night-singing bird [etymology uncertain; one proposed etymology is krakua < krā-kua, from krā “elemental shadow” and kua “bird, flying thing” (see entry)] kralhi |adj.cmpd.| clandestine, surreptitious; lit. “fulfilling duty/function in the shadows” [kralhi < krā-lhi, from krā “elemental shadow” and lhi “fulfilling duty/function”] krana |n.| hive, hive-mind; lit. “many subjugations” [krana < kra-nā, from kra “subjugation; application of power against (something)” (variant of kar, see entry) and the plural particle nā] kranua |n.| lit. “hidden in shadow” [kranua < krā-nua, from krā “elemental shadow” and nua “hidden, unseen, secret”] krast |n.cmpd.| (Kanohi-) repulsion, rejection; lit. “driving out via repulsion” [krast < krā-sta, from kra “resistance, repulsion” (variant of kar, see entry) and the stem sta “scattering, consuming, driving out” (< sā-ta). Variant form: crast - FD: MN#4] krāta |n.| spirit of shadow [krāta < krā-ta, from krā "elemental shadow" ta "elemental fire; spirit, being, essence"] krāwa |n.| (Rahi-) lit. “large shadow” [krāwa < krā-wa, from krā “elemental shadow” and the stem wa “wide, great, large”. Coined as the name of a dangerous Rahi encountered in Metru Nui with the ability to dramatically increase its size by absorbing kinetic energy] krekka |n.cmpd.| extremely resistant force [krekka < krē-ak-ka, from kre “resistance, repulsion” (variant of kar, see entry), the intensive particle -ak, and ka “power, force, ability”. Variant form: krakka - FD: MN#4] krika |n.cmpd.| powerful insect [krika < kirik-ka, from kirik “chirp, chirping; chirping insect” and ka “power(ful), force, ability”] krom |n.cmpd.| lesser-master; lit. “master-within-boundaries” [krom < kiro-ma, from kiro “bounded; within an edge/boundary” and ma(t) “mastery, control”. Variant forms: kroma, kromata, kiro-mata - FD: MN#6] kua 1. |n.| bird, flying thing; freedom, independence; 2. |adj.| liberated, independent; free-flowing, flying, leaping [etymology uncertain; possibly kua < ku-wa, from the particle (u)ku “middle, in the midst of” and the stem wa “wide, great, large”, yielding an original sense of “out/in the middle of wide/open space”. Variant forms: ko, ku, ka, kual (l-modified)] kualsi |n.cmpd.| teleportation, quick-travel; lit. “flying/leaping between possibilities” [kualsi < kual-isi, from kual “free-flowing, flying, leaping” (l-modified form of kua, see entry) and isi “possible; possibilities”] kualus |n.cmpd.| converser with birds [kualus < kua-lu-s, from kua “bird, flying thing” (see entry), the u-modified elemental stem leu “elemental air; listening/hearing/speaking”, and the affix -s, usually reserved for Rahi-designations] kuma |n.| Rahi-rodent; lit. “master of biting/gnawing” [kuma < kiu-ma, from kiu “sharp, biting/gnawing” (variant of khiu, see entry) and ma(t) “mastery, control”. Applied to a common variant of the kinloka species of Rahi-rodent] kuma-nui |n.cmpd.| (Rahi-) great kuma [From kuma “Rahi-rodent” and nui “great, significant”] kume-ha |v.| to hone, sharpen [kume-ha < ku-mē-ha, from ku “sharp, biting/gnawing” (variant of khiu), mē “up, upward; rising/increasing” (variant of mi, see entry), and the verbal particle ha] kumo |n.| refinement, sharpening, honing [kumo < ku-mē-ō, from ku “sharp, biting/gnawing” (variant of khiu), mē “up, upward; rising/increasing” (variant of mi, see entry), and the nounal particle ō] kumu |adj.| partly-changed; lit. “in the middle of change” [kumu < ku-mu, from the primeval particle (u)ku “middle, in the midst (of)” and the stem mu “change, variation, difference”] kuna |n.| Rahi-snake; lit. “much twisting/turning/slithering” [kuna < kau-nā, from kau “free-flowing, breathing” and the plural particle nā] kur |n.| anger, rage [kur < ko-ūr, from ko “elemental ice” and the particle ūr(u) “un-, negative, not”. Variant form: kour - FD: MN#1] kurahk |n.cmpd.| lit. “raging wild thing” [kurahk < kur-rahk, from kur “anger, rage” and rahk “wild/untamable thing” - FD: MN#1] kuru |adj.| angry, enraged [kuru < kur-u, from kur “anger, rage” and the adjectival particle u]† kuru-ha |v.| to rage, become angry [From the stem kūr(u) “anger, rage” and the verbal particle ha]† kyl-ma |v.| to freeze, frost over [From the u/l-modified elemental stem kyl (< koul) “elemental ice” and the verbal particle ma. Variant forms: koul-ma, kul-ma] kylma |vn.| deep-freeze, freezing, frosting over [From the verbal complex kyl-ma “to freeze, frost over”. Variant forms: koulma, kulma] kyrehx |n.cmpd.| unified power of community [kyrehx < ky-rehix, from ky “unity; lit. ‘unified power’” (variant of kai, see entry) and rehix “community”] ------------ Key: |adj.| - Adjective |adj.cmpd.| - Adjective Compound |adv.| - Adverb |aff.| - Affix |n.| - Noun |n.cmpd.| - Noun Compound |p.| - Particle |p.cmpd.| - Particle Compound |pro.| - Pronoun |stm.| - Stem |v.| - Verb |vn.| - Verbal Noun |vn.cmpd.| Verbal Noun Compound Some entries are marked with FD “Further Discussion”, followed by a reference to a blog entry containing more explanatory content related to that etymology. The references are as follows: NM - “Nameless Masks” MN#1-X... - “Meaningless Names #1-X...” LM#1-X - “Learning Matoran, Lesson 1-X...”

A Matoran Dictionary 2nd Edition VOLUME II :: E-J -E- e- |p.| make, cause (causative/transitive particle)† ehlek |n.cmpd.| effective contact/communication [ehlek < ehl-le-ak, from ehl “seeking/searching; detection, sense” (variant of el), the u-modified elemental stem leu “elemental air; listening/hearing/speaking”, and the intensive particle -ak, yielding an original sense of “seeking to communicate”, referencing the earliest Matoran attempts to make contact with sentient amphibious races] e-ka-ma |v.| to move X: to put, to give, to take [From ka-ma "to move" and the causative/transitive particle e-]† e-kuru-ha |v.| to anger, enrage [From kuru-ha “to rage, become angry” and the causative/transitive particle e-]† el |stm.| finding, seeking/searching; detection, sense [etymology uncertain; possibly augmented from the elemental stem le - FD: MN#2] elda |n.| detection, finding [elda < el-tau, from the stem el “finding, seeking/searching; detection, sense” and the u-modified elemental stem tau “elemental fire; essence, result-of-process” - FD: MN#2] e-le-ha |v.| to listen [From le-ha "to hear" and the causative/transitive particle e. Variant Form: e-lu-ha]† el-ma |v.| to seek, search [From the stem el “seeking/searching; detection, sense” and the verbal particle ma. Basically synonymous with el-ya “to seek out”. Variant form: il-ma] el-ya |v.| to seek out [From the stem el “seeking/searching; detection, sense” and the verbal particle ya. Basically synonymous with el-ma “to seek, search”. Variant form: il-ya]† e-mī-ma |v.| to lift, raise up, elevate [From mī-ma "to rise, levitate" and the causative/transitive particle e-. Variant forms: e-mai-ma, e-mē-ma]† epena |n.| 1. quarry-master, foreman; 2. upper quarry, initial excavation [epena < eh-pena; from eh “high, upper; important” (modified from i(n)ih “high, elevated; star(s)”) and pena “quarry, carvings” (see entries)] e-turu-ha |v.| to frighten, cause X to be afraid [From turu-ha “to fear, be fearful” and the causative/transitive particle e-]† -F (PH)- fa |n./stm.| elemental magnetism [fa < fā, from the primeval elemental stem fā “elemental magnetism”. Variant forms: fa-, ?fā(n) (see entry fā(n))] fā(n) |stm.| limit, barrier, restriction; roof/ceiling; sky [Possibly a modified form of the elemental stem fa (< fā) “elemental magnetism”. Variant forms: phā(n), fao (u-modified), faol (u/l-modified)] fano |n.| barrier, ceiling/roof; sky [fano < fān-ō, from the stem fā(n) “limit, barrier, restriction; roof/ceiling, sky” and the nounal particle ō. Variant form: phano]† fanto |n.| (archaic) flying-thing, bird; lit. “spirit of the sky” [fanto < fān-tā, from fā(n) “limit, barrier, restriction; roof/ceiling” and tā “elemental fire; spirit, being, essence” (with final ā > ō vowel shift). Variant form: phanto] fantoka |n.cmpd.| powerful sky-spirit, spirit of the sky [fantoka < fanto-ka, a modern word-coinage from archaic fanto “flying-thing, bird; sky-spirit” with addition of ka “power(ful), force, ability”. Variant form: phantoka] fau |n.| under-roof [fau < fā-uw, from fā(n) “limit, barrier, restriction; roof/ceiling” and the stem uw “under, lower, below”. Used as a placename for a swamp, referencing the dense canopy] faxo |n.| greater stamina/abilities; lit. “greater/higher limits” [faxo < fā-ak-si-ō, from fā(n) “limit, barrier, restriction; roof/ceiling”, the intensive particle -ak, the comparative adjectival particle si, and the nounal particle ō] faxon |n.| (Kanohi-) lit. “one who has greater stamina/abilities” [faxon < faxo-ān, from faxo “greater stamina/abilities” and ān “being, individual”] fe |n./stm.| elemental iron [fe < fē, from the primeval elemental stem fē “elemental iron”. Variant forms: fe-, feu (u-modified, see entry feu)] fe-ha |v.| to shape, make, craft [From the u-modified elemental stem feu “elemental iron; shape, craft, craftsmanship” and the verbal particle ha. Variant form: fu-ha] felnas |n.cmpd.| (Kanohi-) power-disruption; lit. “disrupting one’s sense of limits” [felnas < fā-el-nas, from the stems fā(n) “limit, barrier, restriction; roof, ceiling, sky”, el “finding, seeking/searching; sensing; detection, sense”, and the stem nas “scattering, dispersing, disrupting” - FD: MN#2] fen |n.| spider [fen < fi-ān, from fi “subtle, cunning, strong; web” and ān “being, individual”. A Skakdi dialectal equivalent of vis “Rahi-spider” (see entry)] fenrakk |n.cmpd.| lit. “spider-scourge” [fenrakk < fen-rak, from fen “spider” (Skakdi dialectal term, see entry) and rakk “menace, scourage” (Skakdi dialectal variant of rak, see entry)] feu |n./stm.| elemental iron; shape, craft, craftsmanship [Derived from the elemental stem fe “elemental iron” (see entry) via u-modification. Variant form: fu] fikou |n.| Rahi-spider [mult. potential etymologies; one proposed etymology is fikou < fi-ku, from fi “subtle, fine, cunning; web, silk” and the particle kuw “middle”, yielding a meaning of “(in the) middle of web”; another proposal is fikou < fi-hiki-o, from fi “subtle, fine, cunning; web, silk”, hiki (multiple meanings, see entries), and the nounal particle ō. Such a compound could be interpreted in two ways: “measurer of web/silk” (hiki¹, see entry) or “deceptive web” (hiki², see entry)] fohrok |n.cmpd.| (see etym.) [A word coinage created in imitation of the original term bohrok (see entry), replacing the initial boh with the stem foh, derived from feu “elemental iron”, yielding a sense of “iron-Bohrok, crafted Bohrok”] foto |n.| ember, spark [foto < fo-tā, from (o)fo “end, finish” and tā “elemental fire” (with final ā > ō vowel shift). Variant form: photo] fotok |n.| bright/burning ember [fotok < foto-ak, from foto “ember, spark” and the intensive particle -ak. Variant form: photok] fusa |n.| (Rahi-) leaping-thing; lit. “desire/hunger for the sky” [fusa < fao-sā, from fao “sky, roof” (u-modified from fā(n), see entry) and the primeval stem sā “hungering; desiring”] -G- ga |n./stm.| 1. elemental water; 2. peace, calm, settledness; 3. tranquil, settled, undisturbed [ga < gā, from the primeval elemental stem gā “elemental water”. Variant forms: ga-, gal (l-modified), gau (u-modified), gaul/gol (u/l-modified), ag(a)i (verbal)] gadjati |adj.cmpd.| clear-minded, focused; lit. “mind-pattern like a pool of water” [gadjati < gadu-jatī, from gadu “body of water” and jatī, a reduction of jatui “personality; lit. ‘mind-pattern’” (see entry)] gadu |n.| pool, body of water [gadu < ga-du, from ga “elemental water” and du “extension, scope, reach; influence”] gadun |n.| water being/creature [gadun < gadu-ān, from gadu “pool, body of water” and ān “being, individual”] gadunka |n.cmpd.| powerful water-creature [gadunka < gadun-ka, from gadun “water being/creature” and ka “power(ful), force, ability”] gafna |n.| Rahi-rodent; lit. “many variations” [gafna < gaf-nā, from gaf “reflection; variation” (variant of gavi, see entry) and the plural particle nā. Applied to the gafna species of Rahi-rodent, referencing the various elemental breeds] gahi |n.| (water) droplet; ripple [gahi < ga-hī, from ga “elemental water” and the particle hī “thing, object, place”] gahlok |n.| water-designation Bohrok [FD: MN#2] gāki |n.cmpd.| leader of water, water-leader [gāki < ga-aki, from ga “elemental water” and aki “leader, lord”] gali¹ |adj.| watery, wet [ga-li, from ga “elemental water” and the primeval modifying particle li] gali² |n.| water (in general); sea, ocean [gali < gal-ī, from the l-modified elemental stem gal “elemental water” and the nounal particle ī] galonu |n.cmpd.| mud, swampy earth [From the l-modified elemental stem gal “elemental water” and onu “elemental earth”. Variant form: galnu]† galonuhi |n.cmpd.| swamp [galonuhi < galonu-hī, from galonu “mud, swampy earth” (see entry) and the particle hī “thing, object, place”. Variant form: galnuhi]† galonu-wahi |n.cmpd.| swamp [From galonu “mud, swampy earth” and wahi “region, place” (see entries). Basically synonymous with galonuhi (see entry). Variant form: galnuhi-wahi]† gamadu |n.cmpd.| jungle-tree; lit. “wet tree” [gamadu < ga-madu, from ga “elemental water” and madu “tree; spire, tower”]† gamaduhi |n.cmpd.| jungle; lit. “wet-tree place” [gamaduhi < ga-madu-hī, from ga “elemental water”, madu “tree; spire, tower”, and the particle hī “thing, object, place”]† gamadu-wahi |n.cmpd.| jungle [From gamadu “jungle-tree” and wahi “region, place” (see entries). Basically synonymous with gamaduhi (see entry)]† gar |n.| weight; importance [etymology uncertain] garai |n.| (Kanohi-) control of gravity/weight [etymology uncertain; potentially a compound incorporating a verbal noun arai “reacting; acting upon”] garan |n.| important one [garan < gar-ān, from gar “weight; importance” and ān “being, one”] gārdus |n.cmpd.| important advancement/improvement [gārdus < gār-du-s, from gār (> gar) “weight; importance”, du “extension, scope, reach; influence”, and the Rahi-designation affix -s] gavi |n.| reflection; variation [gavo < ga-avo-ī, from ga “elemental water”, avo “elemental light”, and the nounal particle ī. Variant forms: gafi, gaf] gavla |n.| good/pleasing reflection [gavla < gavi-la, from gavi “reflection; variation” and the modifying particle -la “good, excellent”] gheku |n.| fortune, luck [etymology uncertain; one proposed etymology is gheku < gahi-aku, from gahi “(water) droplets; ripples” and aku “sight, vision”, yielding an original sense of “watching droplets/ripples; watching where droplets fall”, possibly more in reference to “chance”] ghekula |n.| (Rahi-) good fortune/luck [ghekula < gheku-la, from gheku “fortune, luck” and the modifying particle -la “good, excellent”] gol-ya |v.| to water, make wet [From the modified u/l-elemental stem gol (< gaul) “elemental water” and the verbal particle ya] golyo |n.| watering, irrigating/irrigation [golyo < gol-ya-ō, from the verbal complex gol-ya “to water, make wet” and the nounal particle ō] gorast |n.cmpd.| storm, hurricane; lit. “scattering of wild water” [gorast < gau-ra-sta, from the u-modified elemental stem gau “elemental water”, ra “wild(ness), untamed”, and the stem sta “scattering, consuming” (< sā-ta)] grālo |n.| Rahi bear; Ash Bear [grālo < grāl-ō, from grāl, an onomatopoeic word symbolizing the roar of the Ash Bear, and the nounal particle ō] grālok |n.cmpd.| mighty Ash Bear [grālok < grālo-ak, from grālo “Ash Bear” and the intensive particle -ak] gukko |n.| Rahi bird-species [gukko < goko < goh-kua, a southern dialectal form of original goko , from goh (an onomatopoeic imitation of the call of the kahu subspecies of gukko) and the stem kua “flying thing” (see entry)] gūr |n.| disintegration, disturbance [gūr < ga-ūru, from ga “elemental water; tranquil, settled, undisturbed” and ūr(u) “un-, negative, not” - FD: MN#1] gūrahk |n.cmpd.| lit. “disintegrating wild thing; disintegrator” [gūrahk < gūr-rahk, from gūr “disintegration, disturbance” and rahk “wild/untamable thing” - FD: MN#1] -H- -ha |p.| verbal particle [Variant form: -kha] -ha |p.| from, out of (origin particle) [-ha (see allomorphs) < *-hā. Variant forms: -ka/-kha (after short vowels), -ga (after /n/ and long vowels), -ka (after consonants) - FD: LM#8]† ha |n./stm.| protection; peace/calm, safety, systems-normal [ha < hā. Variant forms: haha (intensive redup.), hō (ā > ō / __#)] hafu |vn.| expertise, craftsmanship; lit. “making, displaying craft” [hafu < ha-fu, from the verbal complex fu-ha “to shape, make, craft” (variant of fe-ha, see entry) with displacement of the verbal particle ha. Variant forms: hafe, khafu] hagah |n.cmpd.| guardian; lit. “one who protects tranquility” [hagah < hā-ga-hī, from hā “protection, peace/calm, systems-normal”, ga “elemental water; serenity, tranquility”, and the particle hī “thing, object, place”. Variant form: hagahi] hahli |adj.| peaceful, calm [hahli < hahi-li, from hahi, a variant of hai “shield, relief, respite” (see entry) and the primeval modifying particle li] hahna |adj.| loyal, highly protective; lit. “many shields” [hahna < haha-nā, from haha “protection, loyalty” (an intensivized reduplication of ha “protection, peace/calm, systems-normal”) and the plural particle nā] hahnah |n.| fiercely loyal thing [hahnah < hahna-hī, from hahna “loyal, highly protective” and the particle hī “thing, object, place”] hai |n.| (a) shield; (a) relief, respite; lit. “thing that protects, calms, brings peace” [hai < ha-hī, from the stem ha “protection, peace/calm, systems-normal” and the particle hī “thing, object, place”. Variant form: hahi] hak |n.| armor, callous [hak < ha-ak, from ha “protection, peace/calm, safety, systems-normal” and the intensive particle -ak] hakann |n.| bully; lit. “armored/calloused one” [hakann < hak-ann, from hak “armor, callous”, the intensive particle -ak, and ann “being, individual” (Skakdi dialectal variant of ān, see entry)] hara |n.| rope; flax [etymology uncertain] harakeke |n.cmpd.| flax-bush, rope-bush [From hara "flax, rope" and keke "bush, shrub"] hau |adj.| defending, protecting, shielding [hau < ha-u, from the stem ha “protection, peace/calm, systems-normal” and the adjectival particle u] helryx |n.cmpd.| lit. “upper echelon/high commander of security” [helryx < hel-oryx, from hel (< hā-el) “security; lit. ‘sense of protection’” and oryx “superior command, upper echelon” (variant of orix, see entry)] -hi |p.| thing, object, place [hi < hī. Variant form: -hī] hikaki |n.cmpd.| (Rahi-) measuring bravery [hikaki < hiki-aki, from hiki¹ “part/piece/portion of something; measurement” and aki “bravery, courage; aptitude, capability”. Applied to the common species of Dragon Lizard, in reference to the creatures’ penchant for swimming in molten magma] hiki¹ |p.cmpd.| piece/part/portion of something; measurement, extent [hiki < hī-kī, from the particle hī “thing, object, place” and the particle kī “part, piece, portion of”] hiki² |p.cmpd.| trickery, deception; lit. “(only) part of a thing, not whole” [hiki < hī-kī, from the particle hī “thing, object, place” and the particle kī “part, piece, portion of”] hoi |n.| (Rahi-) name of Shore Turtle [hoi < hō-hī, independently lexicalized form of hai “shield” (see entry), from hā “protection, peace/calm, systems-normal” and the particle hī “thing, object, place”] hor |adj./adv./stm.| half, partly, almost [hor < horo < huw-rho, from huw “activity, sport” and rho “line, edge, boundary”, yielding an original sense of “(on the) edge/boundary of activity/state; ‘almost there’”] hordika |n.cmpd.| half-beast [hordika < hor-dika, from the stem hor “half, partly, almost” and dika² “rahi, beast”] hoto |n.| fire-elemental Rahi-insect; lit. “protected by fire” [hoto < hō-tā, from hō “protection, peace/calm, systems-normal” and the elemental stem tā “elemental fire” (with final ā > ō vowel shift)] huai |n.| large-scale sporting event [huai < huw-wa-ī, from huw “activity, sport”, wa “wide, great, large” and the nounal particle ī] hui |n.| sport, game, activity [hui < huw-ī, from huw “sport, activity” and the nounal particle ī. Variant form: hī] huki |n.| agent, participant; player/competitor, athlete; lit. “part of sport/activity” [huki < huw-kī, from huw “sport, activity” and the particle kī “part, piece, portion of”. Variant forms: huwki, hewkii] huna |n.| (Kanohi-) invisibility; lit. “hidden activity” [huna < huw-nua, from huw “activity, sport” and nua “hidden, unseen, secret”] hura |n.| agitation, wild activity [hura < huw-ra, from huw “sport, activity” and ra “wild(ness), untamed”] husi |n.| (Rahi-) lively creature [husi < huw-s-ī, from huw “activity, sport”, the Rahi-designation affix -s, and the nounal particle ī] hyda |n.| protecting/order-keeping spirit [haida < hai-ta, from hai “(a) shield; (a) relief, respite” and ta “elemental fire; spirit, being, essence”. Variant forms: haida, haita] hydraxon |n.cmpd.| brutally capable peacekeeper [hydraxon < hyda-ra-axon, from hyda “protecting/order-keeping spirit”, ra “wild(ness), untamed; brutal”, and axon “valorous/capable being”] hydruka |n.cmpd.| aquatic Rahi (see etym.) [hydruka < hyda-ru-kau, from hyda “protecting spirit”, ru “orientation; oriented toward; intention” and kau “free-flowing, breathing; breath” (see entry), yielding a sense of “protecting spirit oriented toward breath”, referencing the use of the hydruka by the Matoran of Mahri Nui as a means of harvesting precious air (“breath”) from airweed] -I- iden |n.cmpd.| (Kanohi-) 1. assembling mind and body; 2. one who fills vessels [multi. potential etymologies; one proposed etymology is iden < aitaon < ayi-ta-on, from ayi “collecting, assembling, gathering up”, the stem ta “elemental fire; spirit, being, essence”, and on, a heavily reduced form of onoi “body” (see entry); another proposed etymology is iden < aitan < ayi-atu-ān, from ayi “collecting, assembling, gathering up”, atu “mind, will”, and ān “being, individual”] idris |n.| high-flying bird [idris < ihti-ris, from ihti “high space” and ris “Rahi bird”] ign(a)i |n.| everything; lit. “all parts, every part” [ignai < iki-nai, from iki “part, piece” (variant of kī, see entry) and nai “all” (also variant nī)] ignalu |n.cmpd.| high-alert; lit. “listening to everything” [ignalu < ignai-lu, from ignai “everything” and the u-modified elemental stem leu “elemental air; listening/hearing/speaking”. Used as a term for the highly dangerous Matoran sport of lava-surfing. Variant form: ignailu] ignika |n.cmpd.| (Kanohi-) power/force of life; lit. “power of everything, all parts” [ignika < igni-ka, from ign(a)i “everything” and ka ”power, force, ability”. Variant form: ignaika] ī(h)- |p.| to, toward (endpoint particle)† ihti |n.| high space [ihti < īh-ti, from i(n)ih “high, elevated; star(s)” and ti “space, area”] ihu |adj.| high, elevated; far-seeing, wise [ihu < ih-u, from i(n)ih “high, elevated; star(s)” and the adjectival particle u. Variant form: inihu] ikarax |n.cmpd.| 1. (archaic) motivator; lit. “toward greater motivation”; 2. (modern) agitator, usurper; lit. “toward greater resistance/conflict” [icarax < ī-kar-ak-si, from the particle ī- “to/toward (endpoint)”, the stem kar(a) “application of power/energy; rejection, repulsion” (< ka-ār), the intensive particle -ak, and the comparative adjectival particle si. Variant form: icarax - FD: MN#4] ini |n.| star(s) [ini < inih, from the stem i(n)ih “high, elevated; star(s)”] inika |n.| star-energy; lit. “energy of a star” [inika < ini-ka, from i(n)ih “high, elevated; star(s)” and ka “power, force, ability”] inikhi |n.| high-place; mountain-top [inihi < inih-hī, from i(n)ih “high, elevated; star(s)” and the particle hī “thing, object, place”. Variant form: ikhi]† initoi |n.| the Red Star [initoi < ini-toi, from ini “star” and toi “red”]† ini-wahi |n.| the heavens; lit. “star-place(s)” [From ini “star” and wahi “region, place”]† ino |n.| mountain, peak [ino < ih-nu-ō, from i(n)ih “high, elevated; star(s)”, nu (< onu) “elemental earth”, and the nounal particle ō. Variant forms: inuo, inou]† iraka |vn.| wrongdoing, crime; murder [iraka < i-rak-a, from the verbal complex rak-ya “to commit crime/violence” (see entry) with uncommon splitting+displacement (i...a) of the verbal particle ya (see entry)] iruini |n.cmpd.| star-gazer; lit. “orientation toward the stars” [iruini < ī-ru-ini, from the particle ī- “to, toward (endpoint), ru “orientation; oriented toward; intention”, and ini “star(s)”] isi |n.| possibility [etymology uncertain - FD: NM] isima |n.cmpd.| (Kanohi-) control of possibility [isima < isi-ma, from isi “possible; possibility” and ma(t) “mastery, control” - FD: NM]† -J- jā |n.| strategy, tactics; pattern [jā < tza < ta-za, from the stem ta ”elemental fire; leadership” and the stem za “planning, tactics”. Variant form: jō (ā > ō / __#)] jaga |n.| Rahi scorpion [etymology uncertain] jala |n.| excellent strategy [jala < jā-la, from jā “strategy, tactics; pattern” and the modifying particle la “good, excellent”. Variant form: jola - FD: MN#6] jaller |n.cmpd.| excellent strategist/tactician; lit. “application of good strategy” [jaller < jā-la-er, from jā “strategy, tactics; pattern”, the modifying particle la “good, excellent”, and the particle er (< ār) “application of” - FD: MN#6] jātikko |n.cmpd.| icy weather-pattern; lit. “pattern of icy wind” [jātikko < jā-tikko, from jā “strategy, tactics; pattern” and tikko “icy wind”] jatui |n.| personality; lit. “mind-pattern” [jatui < jā-atui, from jā “strategy, tactics; pattern” and atui “willful; of the mind”] jerbraz |n.cmpd.| veteran soldier/strategizer [jerbraz < jer-brā-azi, from the stem jer “strategizing” (< jā-er), the stem b(e)rā “antagonistic, warlike, rogueish, mischievous”, and azi (variant of zī) “violence, predatory”, yielding an original sense of “strategizing for warlike-violence”] jetrax |n.cmpd.| lit. “wild spirit of empty space” [jetrax < je-tara-ak-si, from je “empty/emptied space” (variant of ji), tara “wild spirit”, the intensive particle -ak, and the comparative adjectival particle si. Variant forms: jetarax] ji |n./stm.| empty/emptied space [ji < ti-zi, from ti “space, area” and zi “empty, emptied out, drained” (variant of ze, see entry)] johi |n.| (a) strategy, complex pattern [johi < jō-hī, from jō “strategy, tactics; pattern” and hī “thing, object, place”] johmak |n.cmpd.| master of strategy/complex patterns [johmak < johi-ma-ak, from johi “(a) strategy, complex pattern”, ma(t) “mastery, control”, and the intensive particle -ak] jovan |n.| cunning strategist [jovan < jovi-ān, from jovi “subtle/cunning strategy” and ān “being, one”] jovi |n.| subtle/cunning strategy [jovi < jō-fi, from jō (< jā) “strategy, tactics” (see entry) and the stem fi “subtle, fine, cunning”] ju |adj.| drained, sapped, weakened [ju < ji-u, from ji “empty/emptied space” and the adjectival particle u] jutlin |n.| (Kanohi-) decay, weakening [jutlin < ju-otilin, from ju “drained, sapped, weakened” and otilin “steadily, soundly; structured, structurally sound”] -------------------- Key: |adj.| - Adjective |adj.cmpd.| - Adjective Compound |adv.| - Adverb |aff.| - Affix |n.| - Noun |n.cmpd.| - Noun Compound |p.| - Particle |p.cmpd.| - Particle Compound |pro.| - Pronoun |stm.| - Stem |v.| - Verb |vn.| - Verbal Noun |vn.cmpd.| Verbal Noun Compound Some entries are marked with FD “Further Discussion”, followed by a reference to a blog entry containing more explanatory content related to that etymology. The references are as follows: NM - “Nameless Masks” MN#1-X... - “Meaningless Names #1-X...” LM#1-X - “Learning Matoran, Lesson 1-X...”

[There has been some recent interest in my very old, very outdated Matoran Dictionary as of late; due, I think, to the discussions in this very interesting topic. Well, interest breeds motivation, and I've worked up the motivation to work out some significant revisions to the Dictionary, bringing it up-to-date with my most recent conceptions of Matoran etymology, as discussed at length in the "Meaningless Names" series. So enjoy this "Second Edition", if you will.] [update 8/6: It is finished. Rejoice! I have split the completed dictionary into a series of Volumes, due to the fact that our silly blog software cannot handle formatting at this level of intensity. Stay tuned.] A Matoran Dictionary 2nd Edition Original materials compiled by the Scholar Ihu, 80m., Ko-Metru, Metru Nui. This dictionary is organized according to the order of the first letter of the Matoran word, in the sequence in which these letters appear in the General Alphabet of the Matoran ( through ). Each entry provides a description of the basic meaning(s) of the word and parts of speech, followed by an explanation of the word’s usage, etymological history, form, and development. Words whose etymologies are uncertain are labeled as such. † Entries marked with this symbol are entirely “non-canon”, i.e., they are reconstructed from authentic lexical elements but are not themselves attested in any Matoran source document. These entries are solely the fabrications of the human writing under the alias “Tolkien” and should be denoted as such in academic references. VOLUME I :: A-D -A- aft |n.cmpd.| bright mind [aft < av-et, from av “elemental light” (variant of avo, see entry) and et, a heavily reduced form of atu “mind/will”] agi-ya |v.| to wash over, immerse [From the modified verbal stem agi “elemental water; washing, immersion” (see entry ga) and the verbal particle ya] agni |n.| guard, soldier; lit. “great bravery” [agni < aki-nī, from aki “courage, bravery; aptitude, capability” and nī, a reduction of nui “great, significant”] ahkmou |adj.| 1. fitting, proper; lit. “according to measure”; 2. subversive, dishonest; lit. “through deception/trickery” [ahkmou < a-hiki-mou, from hiki (multiple meanings, see entries hiki¹, hiki²) and the split-particle -amu (a...mou) “through, by (transitional-instrumental)”] ai |pro.| he/she/it [3rd pers. sg., subject form - FD: LM#7]† ai-nā |pro.| they [3rd pers. pl., subject form - FD: LM#7]† aiye |vn.| collecting, assembling, gathering up [aiye < a-yi-i, from the verbal complex yi-ya “to collect, gather, bring together” (see entry) with splitting+displacement of the verbal particle ya. Variant forms: ayi, ai, ī] aiyeto |n.cmpd.| assembly, construction [aiyeto < aiye-et-ō, from aiye “collecting, assembling, gathering up”, et, a heavily reduced form of atu “mind, will” (see entry), and the nounal particle ō] aiyetoro |n.cmpd.| assembly-line, construction process [aiyetoro < aiyeto-ro, from aiyeto “assembly, construction” and ro “line, edge” (variant of rho, see entry)] aju |adj./n.| intelligent; intelligence [aju < atu-zu, from atu “mind, will” and zu “tactical”] -ak |p.| intensive particle aka(i) |vn.| power, empowerment, ability; lit. “energizing, empowering, actualizing/activating [akai > a-ka-i, from the verbal complex ka-ya with splitting+displacement of the verbal particle] akaku |n.| x-ray vision; lit. “sight-of-sight” [akaku < aku-aku, from an intensivizing reduplication of aku “sight, vision”] akamai¹ |n.cmpd.| mastery of courage/bravery [akamai < aki-amayi, from aki “courage, bravery” and amayi “adeptness, flexibility, mastery”] akamai² |n.cmpd.| unified mastery of power [akamai < akai-mayi, from akai “power, empowerment, ability” (see entry) and the stem-compound ma-yi “unified-mastery”] akamu |adv.| skillfully; lit. “through skill” [akamu < aka-amu, an adverb grammaticalized from the nounal complex aka-amu, from aka(i) “power, empowerment, ability” and the particle -amu “through, by (transitional-instrumental)”] akari |vn.| exertion, resistance; lit. “exerting, applying power” [akari < a-kar-i, from the verbal complex kar-ya with splitting+displacement of the verbal particle] akataiku |n.cmpd.| (Kanohi) lit. “empowerment of heat-vision” [akataiku < aka-taiaku, from akai “power, empowerment, ability” and taiaku “heat-vision”. Variant forms: akataku, akatāku, akataiaku - FD: NM]† akawi |vn.| flying, soaring, moving freely [akawi < a-kau-i, from the verbal complex kau-ya, with splitting+displacement of the verbal particle ya] aki |n.| courage, bravery; aptitude, capability; (honorific) leader, lord [aki < akai-ī, from akai “power, empowerment, ability” and the nounal particle ī, with slight metaphoric semantic shift] akili |n.| athletic-skill, skillfulness, adeptness [akili < aki-li-ī, from aki “courage, bravery; aptitude, capability”, the primeval modifying particle li and the nounal particle ī] akilini |n.| great athletic-skill [akilini < akili-nī, from akili “athletic-skill, skillfulness, adeptness” and the particle nī, a reduction of nui “great, significant”. Used as a term for a highly competitive and skill-intensive Matoran sport] aku |n.| sight, vision [etymology uncertain; possibly from a primeval verbal stem akoi, derived from ko “elemental ice; clarity, focus” via verbal modification, i.e., addition of the verbal particle ya, with splitting+displacement (ko-ya > a-ko-i > akoi > aku)] akuavo |n.| sun, star; title of one of the twin suns of Metru Nui [Originates as a conjunction of the ancient elemental stem avo "light" and the term aku "sight, vision". The word's usage as a title for one of the twin suns in the city of Metru Nui is probably historically based upon the fact that vision is given through light (as in the light of the eyes of the Matoran), and more colloquially upon the idea that the twin suns somehow represent the "eyes of Mata Nui", an idea which is afforded little credence by the educated community]† akuhi |n.| eye(s); lit. “sight-things” [akuhi < aku-hī, from aku "sight, vision" and the particle hī "thing, object, place"]† akuta |n.| knowledge [akuta < aku-tau, from aku “sight, vision” and the u-modified elemental stem tau “elemental fire; spirit/essence, result of process”] aku-ya |v.| to know [From aku “sight, vision” and the verbal particle ya]† ally |vn.| excellence, kindness, good-naturedness; lit. “being good/excellent” [ally < a-la-i, from the verbal complex la-ya “to be good/kind” with splitting+displacement of the verbal particle ya. Variant form: alai] amahti |n.| hand, grip; lit. "thing that holds, grips" [amahti < amat-hī, from the stem amat "use, hold, utilize" and the particle hī "thing, object, place". Variant form: amahi]† amaja |n.| council; lit. “using/expounding strategy” [amaja < amat-za, from amat "use, hold, utilize" and the stem za “planning, tactic”] amaki |n.| finger; lit. "part of hand/grip" [amaki < amat-kī, from the stem amat "use, hold, utilize" and the particle kī "part, piece, portion of". Variant form: amatki]† amana |n.| (re)forming, (re)making; (Kanohi-) healing [etymology uncertain; - FD: NM] amat |v./stm.| use, hold, utilize [etymology uncertain; possibly amat < a-mat-i via verbal modification, i.e., addition of the verbal particle ya, with splitting+displacement] amaya |n.| lit. “jack of all trades” [amaya < amayi-ha, an independent lexicalization of the nounal complex amayi-ha, from amayi “adeptness, flexibility; lit ‘unified mastering’” and the particle ha “from, out of (origin)”] amayi |vn.| adeptness, flexibility, mastery; lit. “unified mastering” [amayi < a-mayi-i, from the verbal complex mayi-ya “to accomplish, achieve; lit. ‘master (a) unified whole’”] -amu |p.| through, during (transitional-instrumental) [Variant forms: o(u)...ma, a...mou, o...m/n (splitting+displacement) - FD: LM#8]† ān |n.| being, individual [Variant form: -ann (Skakdi variant)] ana |n.| group, host; many beings [ana < ān-nā, from ān “being, individual” and the plural particle nā] anae |vn.| proliferation, multiplying [anae < a-nai-i, from the verbal complex nai-ya “to multiply, proliferate” with splitting+displacement of the verbal particle ya] antai |vn.| enlightenment [antai < a-nita-i, from the verbal complex nita-ya “to uplift, enlighten” with splitting+displacement of the verbal particle ya] antro |n.| administration, rule; lit. “guidance of beings” [antro < ān-trē-ō, from ān “being, individual”, trē (< tēr) “guide, guiding force”, and the nounal particle ō] antroz |n.cmpd.| tyrant; lit. “violent ruler” [antroz < antro-azi, from antro “administration, rule” and azi (variant of zī, see entry) “violence, predatory”] aodhan |n.| traveler [aodhan < aodhi-ān, from aodhi “travel (on foot)” (variant of aoduhi, see entry) and ān “being, individual”] aoduhi |vn.| travel (on foot) [aoduhi < a-oduh-i, from the verbal complex oduh-ya “to walk, travel on foot” (see entry) with splitting+displacement of the verbal particle ya. Variant forms: aduhi, aodhi] arktinen |n.cmpd.| glacier-climber [arktinen < ari-kotini-ān, from ari “striving, struggling; climbing” (variant of rī, see entry), kotini “glacier”, and ān “being, individual”] arta |n.| bondage, hindrance, limitation; (a) prison; lit. against-the-spirit” [arta < ār-ta, from the particle ār “applied, application (of)” (with later semantic shift to “(applied) against, resistance, hindering”) and ta “elemental fire; spirit, being, essence” - FD: MN#6] artakha¹ |n.| (archaic) forger, crafter [artakha < ar-takha-a, from the split-particle ār (ar...a) “applied, application (of)” and takha “crafting, craft” (see entry) - FD: MN#6] artakha² |n.cmpd.| (modern) (a) refuge, safe haven; lit. out-of-bondage [artakha < arta-ha, from arta “bondage, hindrance, limitation” and the particle ha “from, out of (origin particle)” - FD: MN#6] arthra |n.| echo, resonance [From a word coinage meant to reflect the sound of an echo via a reversible syllable structure. Variant forms: atra, artra, arthro] arthron |n.cmpd.| (Kanohi-) sonar-user; lit. “one who echoes/resonates” [arthron < arthro-ān, from arthro “ech, resonance” (variant of arthra) and ān “being, individual”] artidax |n.cmpd.| lit. “bondage/imprisonment-toward-greater-order”; paraphr. “prison to promote greater order” [artidax < arta-īda-ak-si, from arta “bondage, hinderance, limitation; prison” (see entry), the nounal complex ī-da “toward order”, the intensive particle -ak, and the comparative adjectival particle si - FD: MN#6] aso |n.| sand [etymology uncertain; possibly from a primeval stem ās with a rough meaning of "shifting/dispersing earth/sand" and the nounal particle ō - FD: MN#2] aso-mahri |n.cmpd.| sea-shore, beach [From aso "sand" and mahri "ocean, sea"; also see synonymous entry asoro]† asoro |n.| beach; lit. "sand-shore" [asoro < aso-rho, from aso "sand" and rho "line, edge"; also see synonymous entry asomahri]† atu |n.| mind, will [etymology uncertain; possibly from a primeval verbal stem atoi, derived from tō “elemental fire; spirit, being, essence” (variant of tā with final ā > ō vowel shift, see entry) via verbal modification, i.e., addition of the verbal particle ya, with splitting+displacement (tō-ya > a-tō-i > atoi > atu). Variant forms: et, at, oth] atui |adj.| willful; of the mind [atui < atu-ui, from atu “mind, will” and the adjectival particle ui. Variant forms: atti, atī] atu-ma |v.| to want, will [From atu "mind, will" and the verbal particle ma]† auhno |n.| mimicry, impersonation; lit. “many imitations” [auhino < auhi-nā, an independent lexicalization of the nounal complex auhi-nā, from auhi “imitation, practice” (variant of auhui, see entry) and the plural particle nā (with final ā > ō vowel shift). Variant form: ōhno] auhui |vn.| imitation, practice [auhui < a-uhu-i, from the verbal complex uhu-ya “to practice; imitate” with splitting+displacement of the verbal particle ya. Variant forms: auhi, ōhi] avahi |n.| (period of) time [avahi < avai-hī, from avai “time, progression” and hī “thing, object, place”]† avai |vn.| progression (of time); lit. “progressing of time” [avai < a-vā-i, from the verbal complex vā-ya, with splitting+displacement of the verbal particle]† avak |n./adj.| great brightness; blazing/painfully bright [avak < av-ak, from av “elemental light” (variant of avo, see entry) and the intensive particle -ak] avaku |n.| sun, star; title of one of the twin suns of Metru Nui [avaku < avo-aku, from avo "elemental light" and aku "sight, vision"; also see entry akuavo for further discussion of origin and usage]† avo |n./stm.| elemental light [avo < āvo, from the primeval elemental stem āvo “elemental light”. Variant form: av] avoborui |n.cmpd.| lightvine [avoborui < avo-oborui, from avo “elemental light” and oborui “vine, creeper” (see entry)]† avohkah |n.cmpd.| (Rahi-) thing of light and energy [avohkah < avohi-kahi, from the compound avohi “light-thing” and kahi “power/energy-thing”] avohkī |n.cmpd.| (Kanohi-) lit. “measurer/measurement of light” [avohkī < avo-hīkī, from avo “elemental light” and hīkī (> hiki) “measurement” (see entry hiki¹)] avotai |n.| (a) lit torch [avotai < avo-ta-hī, from avo "elemental light", ta “elemental fire”, and hī “thing, object, place”]† avsa |n.| (Kanohi-) hunger for light [avsa < av-sā, from av “elemental light” (variant of avo, see entry) and the primeval stem sā “hungering, devouring, scattering” (related to ās "shifting/dispersing earth/sand", see entry aso)] avu |adj.| revealed, (newly) discovered, exposed [avu < avo-u, from avo “elemental light” and the adjectival particle u. Variant form: ava] awai |vn.| (Kanohi-) growth; lit. “becoming large, increase” [awai < a-wa-i, from the verbal complex wa-ya, with splitting+displacement of the verbal particle - FD: NM]† axalara |n.cmpd.| boundless capability; lit. “more excellent untamed capability” [axalara < axo-la-ra, from axo “greater capability” (see entry), the modifying particle -la “good, excellent”, and ra “wild(ness), untamed”] axo |n.| greater capability, valor [axo < aki-si-ō, from aki “brave, courageous, capable” (see entry), the comparative adjectival particle si, and the nounal particle ō. Variant forms: akso] axon |n.cmpd.| valorous/capable being [axon < axo-ān, from axo “greater valor” and ān “being, individual”. Variant form: axonn] azahi |n.| crime [azahi < azai-hī, from azai “violence” and hī “thing, object, place”]† azai |vn.| violence; lit. “attacking” [azai < a-zā-i, from the verbal complex zā-ya, with splitting+displacement of the verbal particle]† azibo |n.| pressure, strain; structural stress [azi-bā, from azi (variant of zī) “violence, predatory” and the elemental stem bā “elemental gravity; weight” (with final ā > ō vowel shift)] -B- ba |n./stm.| 1. elemental gravity; 2. weight, consideration, pondering [ba < bā, from the primeval elemental stem bā “elemental gravity”. Variant forms: ba-, bal (l-modification), bō (ā > ō / __#)] bahrag |n.cmpd.| lit. “elder of the followers, vigilant/waiting elders” [bahrag < boh-raga, from boh “vigilance, watchfulness; awaiting, on-standby, ready-to-respond” and raga “elder, wise one” - FD: MN#2] balta |n.| pondering spirit [balta < bal-ta, from the l-modified elemental stem bal “elemental gravity; weight, consideration, pondering” and ta “elemental fire; spirit, being, essence”] barra |n.| war, conflict; instability, imbalance, chaos [barra < ba-ār-ra, from ba-ār “stability, balance; lit. application-of-gravity” (compound of ba “elemental gravity” and ār “applied, application (of)”) and ra “wild(ness); untamed” - FD: MN#5] barraki |n.cmpd.| warlord, military leader [barraki < barra-aki, from barra “war, conflict; instability, imbalance, chaos” and aki “leader, lord” - FD: MN#5] bitil |n.cmpd.| attentive/mindful one, one who is aware of surroundings [bitil < bi-til, from the stems bi (< vibi < fi-pi) “subtle creature” and til (< ti-el) “attentive(ness); lit. ‘sense of space’”] bo |n./stm.| 1. elemental plant-life; the Green; 2. living, growing, thriving [bo < bō, from the primeval elemental stem bō “elemental plant-life”. Variant forms: bo-, bol (l-modification), boul/bul (u/l-modification)] boga |n.| (plant-)sap; blood [boga < bo-ga, from bo “elemental plant-life” and ga “elemental water”. Variant form: bogga] boggarak |n.cmpd.| lit. “scourge of sap/blood; dehydrator” [boggarak < bogga-rak, from bogga “(plant-)sap; blood” (variant of boga, see entry) and rak “menace, scourge”] boh |stm.| vigilance, watchfulness; awaiting, on-standby, ready-to-respond [etymology uncertain - FD: MN#2] bohi |n.| (a) plant; form of vegetation [bo-hī, from bo ”elemental plant-life” and the particle hī “thing, object, place”]† bohrok |n.cmpd.| awaiting commands, vigilant for commands; vigilantly awaiting/following words [bohrok < boh-oro-ak, from boh “vigilance, watchfulness; awaiting, on-standby, ready-to-respond”, oro “word, unit of communication”, and the intensive particle -ak - FD: MN#2] boki |n.| leaf; branch [boki < bo-kī, from bo “elemental plant-life” and the particle kī “part, piece, portion; segment”]† bolo |n.| fruit [bolo < bol-ō, from the l-modified elemental stem bol “elemental plant-life” and the nounal particle ō] bomba |n.cmpd.| trunk, branch, limb of plant [bomba < bo-mī-ba, from bo “elemental plant-life”, mī “up, upward, above” and ba “elemental gravity”, yielding a sense of “plant that rises against gravity”] bomo |n.cmpd.| hunter, tracker; lit. “master of vigilance/patience” [bomo < boh-mā, from boh “vigilance, watchfulness” and mā “mastery, control” (variant of ma(t), see entry, with final ā > ō vowel shift)] bomonga |n.cmpd.| lone hunter/tracker [bomonga < bomo-nga, from bomo “hunter, tracker” and nga “one; first, lone”] bonu |n.| grass [bonu < bo-onu, from bo “elemental plant-life” and onu “elemental earth”]† bonu-leru |n.cmpd.| acid-grass [From bonu "grass" and the adjective leru "acidic". A term for the species of acid-grass found in the Northern Continent and in the island of Xia]† bordakh |n.cmpd.| lit. “vigilant judge/law-keeper” [bordakh < bor-dahki-ak, from bor (reduction from bohrok, see entry), dahki “judge, law-keeper”, and the intensive particle -ak - FD: MN#3] boreas |n.cmpd.| jungle-bird [boreas < bo-reas, from bo “elemental plant-life” and reas “bird; nesting creature” (variant of ris, see entry). Variant form: boris] botar |n.cmpd.| overseer, monitor; lit. “vigilant guide” [botar < boh-tar, from boh “vigilance, watchfulness; awaiting, on-standby, ready-to-respond” and the stem tār (< tēr) “guidance; guiding force”] bour |n./stm.| wilderness, barrenness [bour < bo-ūru, from bo “elemental plant-life; living, growing, thriving” and ūr(u) “un-, negative, not”. Variant forms: bouru, buuru] brakas |n.cmpd.| rahi-monkey; lit. mischievous-kau [brakas < brā-kau-s, from the stem b(e)rā “antagonistic, warlike, rogueish, mischievous”, the onomotapoeic element kau (an imitation of the kau-kau call of the Brakas monkey), and the Rahi-designation affix -s. Variant forms: brākas, brakashi, berakas - FD: MN#5] brander |n.cmpd.| mischief-maker, practical-joker; lit. “application-of-cunning-mischief” [brander < brā-nidi-er, from the stem b(e)rā “antagonistic, warlike, rogueish, mischievous”, nidi “cunning, slyness; thievery” and the particle er (< ār) “application of” - FD: MN#5] brutaka |n.cmpd.| warlike lesser-spirit of power [brutaka < brautaka < brā-ūta-ka < brā-ukuta-ka, from the stem b(e)rā “antagonistic, warlike, rogueish, mischievous”, uk(u)ta “lesser-spirit, being-of-lesser-rank; (a) kuta-level being”, and ka “power, energy, force, ability” - FD: MN#5] bula |n.| good fruit, berry [bula < bol-la, from the u/l-modified elemental stem boul “elemental plant-life” and the modifying particle la “excellent, good”] -D- dahki |n.| judge, law-keeper; lit. measurer-of-authority/order [dahki < da-hiki, from da “authority, order” (< za-ta) and hiki¹ “measurement, extent” (see entry). Basically synonymous with the parallel term vahki (see entry)]† daikau |adj.| rahi-like, beast-like [daikau < daika-u, from daika (variant of dika²) “rahi, beast” and the adjectival particle u. Applied to a species of carnivorous plant] dalu |n.| confidence, self-assuredness; lit. “orderly awareness” [dalu < da-lu, from da “authority, order” (< za-ta) and the u-modified elemental stem leu “elemental air; listening/hearing/speaking”] damek |n.| efficient organization [damek < dame-ak, from dame (variant of dami, see entry) “organization, engineering” and the intensive particle -ak] dami |n.| organization; engineering; lit. “increasing in order” [dami < da-mī, from the stem da “authority, order” and mī “up, upward, rising”] darex |n.cmpd.| high command; highest authority [darex < da-rex, from da “authority, order” and rex “superior command, upper echelon” (variant of orix). Variant form: drex] daxia |n.cmpd.| authority/order over planning/schematics [daxia < dā-xia, from dā “authority, order” and xia “planning, schematic, engineering” (variant of zia, see entry)] de |n./stm.| elemental sound [de < dē, from the primeval elemental stem dē “elemental sound”. Variant form: de-] defilak |n.cmpd.| lit. “very cunning voice” [defilak < dei-fili-ak, from dei (< dehi) “voice, mouth”, fili “subtle, cunning”, and the intensive particle -ak] dehi |n.| voice, mouth [From de "elemental sound" and hī “thing, object, place”]† deika |n.| note, music [From dei “(physical) noise, sound” (from de “elemental sound” and the nounal particle ī) and ka "(creative) power, energy, force, ability"]† dekar |n.cmpd.| distress call, cry of distress; lit. “struggling cry” [dekar < deka-ari, from deka “rahi-noise; cry” (variant of dika¹, see entry) and ari “striving, struggling; climbing” (variant of rī, see entry)] de-ma |v.| to make noise/sound [From de "elemental sound" and the verbal particle ma]† derui |n.cmpd.| jaw; lit. "joint of mouth" [derui < dehi-rui, from dehi "mouth" and rui "joint". Variant form: dehirui]† destral |n.cmpd.| guidance system, charted course; lit. “guided/controlled course” [destral < desi-trali, from desi (< duisi) “course, passage” and trali “guided controlled” (see entries)] dezalk |n.cmpd.| warning cry; lit. “voice sensing great danger” [dezalk < dei-zali-ak, from dei (< dehi) “voice, mouth”, zali “foreboding, premonition, sense of danger”, and the intensive particle -ak] dika¹ |n.| whistle, tune; rahi-noise, cry [dika < dīka < deika, an independent lexical item derived from older deika “note, music”] dika² |n.| rahi, beast [A further lexicalization from dika¹ "whistle, tune; rahi-noise, cry" (see entry), eventually embodying the concept “beast; thing that makes rahi-noises”] dikapi |n.| Rahi-bird; lit. “whistling creature” [dikapi < dika-pi, from dika¹ “whistle, tune; rahi-noise, cry” and the particle pi “creature”. Variant form: daikapi] dosne |n.cmpd.| vein of rock/earth [dosne < dosi-onew, from dosi “course, passage” (variant of duisi, see entry) and the u-modified elemental stem onew (also onuw) “elemental earth; firm, steadfast; earthy”] dui |n.| limb, appendage; extension [dui < du-hī, from the stem du “extension, scope, reach; influence” and the particle hī “thing, object, place”] duisi |n.| course, passage [duisi < du-isi, from du “extension” and isi “possible; possibility”. Variant forms: desi, dosi] dume |n.| influence, (political) power; lit. “extending (one’s) reach” [dume < du-mē, from du “extension, scope, reach; influence” and mē “up, upward, rising” (variant of mī, see entry)] --------------- Key: |adj.| - Adjective |adj.cmpd.| - Adjective Compound |adv.| - Adverb |aff.| - Affix |n.| - Noun |n.cmpd.| - Noun Compound |p.| - Particle |p.cmpd.| - Particle Compound |pro.| - Pronoun |stm.| - Stem |v.| - Verb |vn.| - Verbal Noun |vn.cmpd.| Verbal Noun Compound Some entries are marked with FD “Further Discussion”, followed by a reference to a blog entry containing more explanatory content related to that etymology. The references are as follows: NM - “Nameless Masks” MN#1-X... - “Meaningless Names #1-X...” LM#1-X - “Learning Matoran, Lesson 1-X...”

"Find the Power", by Wasp hath been reviewed. JRRT

Hi there Wasp. I’ve an official SSCC review for you here. No need to sign for it. There are no refunds. =) I’ll start by saying that, while the plot was very straightforward, it did have some good emotive content. As a reader, I felt for Kranos by the end, and it was a nice upturn as opposed to the potentially very sad ending that you could have gone with, so kudos there. There was good portion of dialogue in this story, and it’s pretty well done. The description is also nicely written, and I definitely liked your application of the FFM theme. Very original. Well done! Because the plot is very straightforward, I won’t comment much on it beyond that. Instead, I’ll focus on a couple of things related to writing structure that I think, if revised, would make for a more fluid narrative overall. Now, the critique: ---------- First off, I don’t usually mention punctuation in-depth, but I did notice a lot of inconsistency in the punctuation of dialogue. Here’s a general guide: A period should follow a full sentence, including a dialogue tag. If you have a line of dialogue followed by a tag, the dialogue should end with a comma and the tag should be followed by a period (as if the dialogue and the tag were a single sentence) Example: “Sentence 1,” he said. “Sentence 2.” If the first line of dialogue is not a full sentence and is continued in the second line, then the dialogue tag should be followed by a period, instead of a comma. Example: “Sentence 1,” he said, “sentence 1.” Minor point: Since this is a flashback to a past tense scene and the Makuta begin their attack at a prior point in time, past perfect would probably work better: “Five weeks ago, the Makuta had begun their assault on Karda Nui.” Recognizing that this is a piece of flash fiction and that you had to suffer under a word limit, I cannot complain about the fact that this sentence should have been expanded. That said, if you ever considered doing a revision/expansion of this story, this is a moment that is ripe for expansion. =P First: Switch the comma between “eyes” and “he” to a period and make both clauses separate sentences, since they’re both independent clauses. Second: The phrase “White was in the edges of Kranos’ eyes” is somewhat awkward. Maybe consider rephrasing. And really, that’s all the criticism I had. I suppose a shorter review would correspond with a shorter story, but whether that’s good or bad is up for you to decide. Overall, I enjoyed reading this story. With a few minor tweaks, it’ll make for a great piece of short fiction. Nicely done, once again. I look forward to more from you. =) JRRT